Die ursprünglichen fragestellungen hinter August schleichers Stammbaum-Theorie und Johannes Schmidts Wellen-Metapher

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen van Pottelberge
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hierarchical Classes ◽  
Genealogical Tree ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Geographical Spread ◽  
Wave Image ◽  
The One

Summary August Schleicher’s genealogical tree (Stammbaum) and Johannes Schmidt’s wave metaphor (Welle) are very well known linguistic concepts. At the same time there has been a widespread misunderstanding about their original meaning and the questions they were intended to deal with. Both were originally classificatory concepts, not models of language change. Schleicher, on the one hand, introduced the Stammbaum by transforming hierarchical classes of Indo-European languages into successive historical stages. Schmidt, on the other hand, rejected the idea of subgrouping Indo-European languages as required by Schleicher’s Stammbaum. Instead, he assumed an original continuum of languages. He described this continuum metaphorically in terms of concentric ‘waves’. The interpretation of the wave image as a metaphor for the geographical spread of linguistic innovations (as has become common) is the result of later adaptations in dialectology.

Isoglosses and language change: Evidence of the rise and loss of isoglosses from a comparison of early Greek and early English

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-575
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Lavidas
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Considerable Distance ◽  
Causative Constructions ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Structural Ambiguity ◽  
Early English ◽  
Aspectual Verbs

Abstract We analyze the rise and loss of isoglosses in two Indo-European languages, early Greek and early English, which, however, show considerable distance between their structures in many other domains. We follow Keidan’s approach (2013), that has drawn the attention on the fact that the study of isoglosses (i.e., linguistic features common to two or more languages) is connected with common innovations of particular languages after the split into sub-groups of Indo-European: this type of approach aims at collecting isoglosses that appear across the branches of Indo-European. We examine the rise of the isogloss of labile verbs and the loss of the isogloss of the two classes of aspectual verbs in early Greek and early English. Our study shows that the rise of labile verbs in both languages is related to the innovative use of intransitives in causative constructions. On the other hand, the innovations in voice morphology follow different directions in Greek and English and are unrelated to the rise of labile verbs. In contrast to labile verbs, which are still predominant for causative-anticausative constructions in both languages, the two classes of aspectual verbs are lost in the later stages of Greek but are predominant even in Present-day English. Again, a “prerequisite” change for the isogloss can be easily located in a structural ambiguity that is relevant for aspectual verbs in early Greek and early English. However, another independent development, the changes in verbal complementation (the development of infinitival and participial complements) in Greek and English, determined the loss of this isogloss.

scholarly journals Hukum Utama Dalam Mempersiapkan Khotbah

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Hasanema Wau
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
The Past ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The One ◽  
Academic Degrees

A sermon today (here) is built from a text written thousands of years ago and addressed to a specific person or community. Serious efforts are needed to bridge the cultural gap between today's readers and first readers. Two temptations to watch out for: first, focus on exploring and describing various historical arguments. The sermon focuses on patterns of interpretation of the biblical texts relating to the past in the area of ​​Israel and beyond. Second, the focus is to be relevant, so that it ignores what the author intends, what is understood by the recipient of the letter. The Scriptures are not a letter that is only able to be solved by an expert in a line of academic degrees. On the one hand it must find out the meaning of the text (for writers and readers), on the other hand it must find principles that can be applied now and here. Balance is a demand! The Word of God speaks to all generations, so it is not enough to rediscover the original meaning of a passage without describing the significance of the passage for today. Abstrak Indonesia Sebuah khotbah hari ini (di sini) dibangun dari teks yang ditulis ribuan tahun yang lalu dan ditujukan kepada orang atau komunitas tertentu. Upaya serius diperlukan untuk menjembatani kesenjangan budaya antara pembaca saat ini dan pembaca pertama. Dua godaan yang harus diwaspadai: pertama, fokus mengeksplorasi dan mendeskripsikan berbagai argumen sejarah. Khotbah berfokus pada pola penafsiran teks-teks alkitabiah yang berkaitan dengan masa lalu di wilayah Israel dan sekitarnya. Kedua, fokusnya harus relevan, sehingga mengabaikan maksud penulis, apa yang dipahami penerima surat. Kitab Suci bukanlah surat yang hanya bisa diselesaikan oleh seorang ahli di bidang akademis. Di satu sisi harus mencari tahu makna teks (bagi penulis dan pembaca), di sisi lain harus menemukan prinsip-prinsip yang bisa diterapkan sekarang dan di sini. Keseimbangan adalah permintaan Firman Tuhan berbicara kepada semua generasi, jadi tidaklah cukup untuk menemukan kembali arti asli dari suatu bagian tanpa menjelaskan pentingnya bagian tersebut untuk hari ini.  

Confession and the Sacrament of Penance after Communism

2019 ◽  
pp. 204-222
Author(s):  
Nadieszda Kizenko
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

As regards the sacrament of penance in Russia there are both quasi-fundamentalist tendencies and those offering the potential to move away from fundamentalism. On the one hand, one sees strict literalism, an emphasis on purity, and the desire to return to a previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed (e.g., confession before communion, confession to a spiritual elder). On the other hand, it is important to note that the post-communist Russian attempts to return to or to revive authentic confession were mediated by the very context in which the “recovery” occurred. Russian “fundamentalism” as regards confession and communion was the reconfiguration of the original meaning of the Russian practice of confession. Additionally, diversity of opinion has not been altogether rejected, and other confessional practices, in particular written confession, signal that new forms altogether might arise. In short, although the Russian Orthodox Church after the fall of communism approached confession in a way that might seem to be fundamentalist, the presence of diverse opinions and practices suggests that the potential for moving away from fundamentalism is there as well.

Generalizaciones y evidencialidad en español

Revue Romane ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana S. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Normally, European languages are considered to express evidentiality only by lexical means, while numerous non-Indo-European languages present specific grammatical items which function as evidential markers. In recent years, numerous studies have pointed out the existence of evidential markers in various Indo-European languages, included Spanish. This article intends to be another contribution to the study of evidentiality in Spanish. My claim is that generalizations expressed with the particle se, on the one hand, and generalizing constructions with uno, 2nd person singular and 3rd person plural, on the other hand, contrast with each other in terms of evidentiality. While the latter constructions express a generalization based on the speaker’s personal experience, the se-construction refers to established rules or hearsay.

scholarly journals http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/43

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Shakeel Ahmad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Rhetorical Structure ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

A metaphor is the use of a word in a non-original meaning to a similar relationship with evidence that is prohibited from the original meaning. It is known that the metaphor is not understood without the context in which it is based. For the researcher who studies its conditions, he must understand its context and find out the meaning. From here, we preferred to study the rhetorical structure in the Tafseer of a scholar Ibn Ashur who is known for his own understanding of the Qur’anic text, in order to investigate the connotations of metaphor on the one hand, and to find out his understanding of Quranic metaphor on the other hand. This research aims to highlight the impact of metaphor in Tafseer of Ibn Ashur and explore his rhetorical thinking, relying on the analytical and rhetorical method.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

The Salvage of Ideas: Schumpeter and the Core Problems Still Confronting Economics

2003 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
P. Wynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Two aspects of Schumpeter' legacy are analyzed in the article. On the one hand, he can be viewed as the custodian of the neoclassical harvest supplementing to its stock of inherited knowledge. On the other hand, the innovative character of his works is emphasized that allows to consider him a proponent of hetherodoxy. It is stressed that Schumpeter's revolutionary challenge can lead to radical changes in modern economics.

Pembaharuan Pesantren: Arah dan Implikasi

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Wahyudin Noor
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Technology Learning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Traditional Term

Abstract Pesantren are often associated with backwardness and traditionalism in everything: facilities, technology, learning methods, and even the curriculum. For now, it seems like the traditional term for pesantren is no longer relevant enough. The pace of movement in the era of renewal marked by the rapid development of technology has demanded pesantren to make adjustments. However, on the one hand, when viewed from the direction of change, the reform efforts pursued by pesantren are not to erase the old tradition, but merely to add something new so that the old tradition and conditions can be maintained while accepting the presence of a new one. On the other hand, the reform efforts undertaken by pesantren have implications for the fact that the typical values of the pesantren are fading away. Abstrak  Pesantren seringkali diasosiasikan dengan keterbelakangan dan tradisional dalam segala hal: fasilitas, teknologi, metode pembelajaran, dan bahkan kurikulumnya. Untuk saat ini, sepertinya istilah tradisional untuk pesantren, sudah tidak lagi cukup relevan. Laju gerak pembaharuan zaman yang ditandai dengan pesatnya perkembangan teknologi telah menuntut pesantren untuk melakukan penyesuaian diri. Kendatipun demikian, di satu sisi, jika dilihat dari arah perubahan, upaya pembaharuan yang ditempuh pesantren tidaklah untuk menghapus tradisi yang lama, tetapi sekadar menambah dengan sesuatu yang baru sehingga tradisi maupun kondisi yang lama bisa dipertahankan sambil menerima kehadiran yang baru. Di sisi yang lain, upaya pembaharuan yang dilakukan pesantren ternyata berimplikasi pada kenyataan akan semakin pudarnya nilai-nilai khas yang dimiliki oleh pesantren.

PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM IMPLEMENTASI SIFAT FINAL DAN BINDING PUTUSAN YANG DIBUAT OLEH BASYARNAS DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA BISNIS SYARIAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Karimatul Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

BASYARNAS’s verdict in resolving dispute can be negotiated or cancelled by submitting nullification to the Religious Court if the parties or one of them felt dissatisfied with the BASYARNAS verdicts. This case is important to be reviewed academically because of its paradox and ambiguity. On the one hand the decision is final and binding, but on the other hand it could be cancelled through the Religious Court. If the BASYARNAS verdicts really want to be final and binding, the nullification of the verdicts should be abolished. It can be replaced by an amendment of the verdict submitted to BASYARNAS and handed back to the arbitrator (arbitrator panel) who handles the dispute. Apart being fast and confidential, the arbitrator (judge) is more aware of the case, the reasons, evidences and witnesses of the dispute.

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