Polska sieć komunikacyjna i jej główne osie

An inalienable property of the linguistic reality is the multi-language nature of the world and the multi-variation character of the ethnic-national communication space. As regards Polish pace, one can distinguish a series of axes around which the processes of long lasting concentrate. The author discusses the following five axes: (1) idiolectal (individual languages), (2) one determined by the dichotomy: spoken language – written language (contemporarily it assumes the form: spoken language – media language – written language), (3) one connected with the opposition: dialects – literary language (today in the form: dialects – mixed languages – general language), (4) functional variations (their ‘canonical’ series: colloquial language – scientific language – journalistic language – language of the administration – religious language – artistic language), and (5) one of three styles (high – medium – low).

Feminativi v luči sodobne slovenske glasbe

Feminitives in Contemporary Slovene Music This article focuses on the use of feminine forms derived from masculine nouns in contemporary Slovene music. Feminine nouns denoting persons were extracted from selected song lyrics and analysed in terms of their word formation. Based on the analysis of feminine forms derived from masculine nouns it is suggested that in music women are often sexualised – their overall image implies sexuality and is clearly based on male fantasies; linguistic reality often reflects social reality. Feminatywy we współczesnej muzyce słoweńskiejNiniejszy artykuł skupia się na wykorzystaniu form żeńskich pochodzących od rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego we współczesnej muzyce słoweńskiej. Rzeczowniki żeńskie oznaczające osoby wyekstrahowano z wybranych tekstów piosenek i zanalizowano pod względem słowotwórczym. Analiza form żeńskich pochodzących od rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego wskazuje, że w muzyce kobiety są często seksualizowane – ich ogólny wizerunek implikuje seksualność i jest wyraźnie oparty na męskich fantazjach; rzeczywistość językowa często odzwierciedla rzeczywistość społeczną.

Diagnosis of the Formation of Grammatical Aspects of Speech in Preschool Age

The article theoretically substantiates and experimentally verifies the validity of the developed diagnostics by the method of contrast groups. The relevance of such a study is determined by the lack of development of the problem of diagnosing grammatical aspects of speech in preschool age for Slavic (inflected by nature) languages. It is proved that for a preschool child in the first stages there is no speech activity separately from the subject, so the object of its orientation is not speech activity, but a single semantic whole, an event that is presented in a sentence (sometimes a phrase, discourse). In the following stages, the child's attitude to speech reality changes. This reality is already special, different from the subject. For all stages of speech and speech development of the child is typical limited and unstable nature of orientation to certain aspects of linguistic reality, when the pre-schooler focuses on either the semantic or formal side of speech. At the end of the senior preschool age, gender differences in children's use of adjectives are the most significant. The reason for the active use in speech of adjectives by girls we see both in the psychological characteristics and gender guidelines of adults around them (active use of nouns and adjectives with hypocritical-diminutive suffixes).

São Tomé and Príncipe’s toponymy

[email protected] ABSTRACT. This study describes the toponymic profile of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), a former Portuguese colony. Here, we consider (i) its linguistic contact situation, reflected in the toponyms of non-Portuguese etyma (mainly from national languages), and (ii) the structure of the toponymic syntagma in Portuguese. Toponyms are created according to a place's geographic, social, historical, and linguistic reality. Therefore, STP's toponyms are the locus of the Santomean linguistic ecology and memory. Due to its linguistic diversity, the study of Santomean toponymy is transdisciplinary. It contributes to understanding different languages that share São Tomé and Príncipe's ethnicity and linguistic heritage, including multilingual synchronic and/or diachronic conjunctures and the political importance of Portuguese. STP's toponymy expresses a multilingual conjuncture common to the country since the arrival of the Portuguese and (mainly) enslaved Africans from different regions of Africa. Although the Portuguese language and culture have influenced most local toponymy, the Santomean toponymic profile contains endemic linguistic and cultural specificities. Thus, natural phenomena, along with political and historical events, among others, play a role in forming toponyms and characterizing the local toponymy as unique.

The Lingua Franca

Whose name is hidden behind the anonymity of the key publication on Mediterranean Lingua Franca? What linguistic reality does the label 'Lingua Franca' conceal? These and related questions are explored in this new book on an enduringly important topic. The book presents a typologically informed analysis of Mediterranean Lingua Franca, as documented in the Dictionnaire de la langue franque ou petit mauresque, which provides an important historical snapshot of contact-induced language change. Based on a close study of the Dictionnaire in its historical and linguistic context, the book proposes hypotheses concerning its models, authorship and publication history, and examines the place of the Dictionnaire's Lingua Franca in the structural typological space between Romance languages, on the one hand, and pidgins, on the other. It refines our understanding of the typology of contact outcomes while at the same time opening unexpected new avenues for both linguistic and historical research.

The Southern Moroccan Dialects and the Hilāli Category

The aim of this paper is to review the classification of the southern Moroccan dialects, advancing on the general description of these varieties. Recent descriptive studies provided us with new sources on the linguistic reality of southern Morocco, shedding light on the status of dialects commonly classified as Bedouin or ‘Hilāli’ within the Maghrebi context. To do so, the paper highlights conservative and innovative features which characterize the dialects of the area, focusing mainly—but not exclusively—on the updated data for two distant localities in southern Morocco: Essaouira and its rural outskirts—the Chiadma territory (Aquermoud and Sīdi Īsḥāq)—and Tafilalt, in south-eastern Morocco. The southern dialects have been situated in an intermediary zone between pre-Hilāli and Hilāli categories for a long time. Discussing their situation may contribute to understanding what distinguishes them as a dialectal group and also the validity of the ‘Hilāli’ category in the Moroccan context.

Final – ww in the Late Egyptian Orthography: A Linguistic Assessment

Summary Various words in Late Egyptian texts present a final sequence –ww that is absent in earlier attestations and does not have any obvious etymological justification. No systematic discussion of these –ww, and not explanation for their use, has been offered so far. The present paper aims at filling this gap through a systematic reassessment of the phonological characteristics of a comprehensive corpus of words displaying this marker –ww. The results suggest that this marker is related in function with the so called spacefillers discussed in Kilani 2017; in particular it appears to be added at the end of words characterized by a stressed back vowel adjacent to a labial consonant w, b, p, f or m, and possibly ˓. Some considerations about the possible underlying linguistic reality and the rational for the use of this marker are added at the end of the article. One instance of the marker –ww in a magic spell of P. BM EA 9997 IV, and its possible role in clarifying a potentially ambiguous pronunciation of the associated verb, is discussed in a final Addendum. An appendix with the reconstruction of the vocalization for the words that survive in Coptic is provided here. A second appendix with the whole corpus is provided as online supplement.

Del manuscrito al registro actual: toponimia ribagorzana en textos medievales escritos en catalán

Catalan started to be used in writing in the 13th century like the other Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula and gradually replaced Latin. This was the case in all its territories, including the County of Ribagorza. However, this written Catalan does not faithfully reflect the oral language of that time because it is very uniform, as can be seen in the 14th century manuscripts of the old archive of Roda de Isábena (Huesca). That written language is far away from the oral speech and the dialectal solutions of the Catalan spoken in Ribagorza, although the oral linguistic reality can be perceived through some features that come up regularly, as occurs in texts from other places in the area known as “Franja de Aragón” (eastern territories of Aragon in the border with Catalonia, with a large Catalan-speaking population). Toponyms are some of those elements that connect us with the Catalan spoken in the 14th century in Ribagorza. For this reason, in this work we offer a study of the place names mentioned in the 14th century documentation written in Catalan and kept in the archive of Roda de Isábena: we analyse linguistically each of the place names noted, and we verify if they have been preserved or if they have undergone any transformation until the present day.

Sociolinguistic Awareness of Spanish Speakers on the Mexican Border with Belize

The border society of Chetumal is studied in order to know how the speakers of this linguistic community conceive their ways of speaking Spanish in different situational contexts (home or work), before different people (employers, friends or subordinates) and with it get to check the degree of linguistic awareness they possess; that is, if the social boundaries present in their speech exist and are recognized as such by all speakers. This study is based on just over 100 questionnaires applied to the same number of Spanish-speakers born in Chetumal in 2019, who were registered according to the traditional sociolinguistic factors of age, sex, and socio-cultural level, the latter calculated basically on the individual's education index. The conclusions reflect the linguistic reality of Spanish speakers on the southern border of Mexico in which Caribbean and English elements are palpable in the lexical sector of the language.

Bocian biały jako okaz językowy, czyli polsko-chorwackie wędrówki lingwistyczne

The White Stork as a Linguistic Specimen, or Croatian-Polish Linguistic WanderingsThe analysis, presented in the article aims to present the white stork as a linguistic specimen, i.e. biological species as perceived through the prism of linguistic realisations, in this instance – in the Polish and Croatian languages. The linguistic specimen is closely connected with the linguistic picture of the world; however, in the chain that is the process of acquiring information by human beings of their surrounding reality, the specimen is an earlier link. The basics of definition of the linguistic specimen are linked to biological features that are extralinguistic, while in the linguistic picture of the world designations are linguistically and culturally transformed. The linguistic specimen can therefore be a more objective tool for describing linguistic reality in a more conscious fashion. Bocian biały jako okaz językowy, czyli polsko-chorwackie wędrówki lingwistyczneW artykule została zaprezentowana nowatorska koncepcja wprowadzająca pojęcie okazu językowego, czyli gatunku biologicznego, zjawiska przyrodniczego, fizycznego, chemicznego widzianego przez pryzmat realizacji językowych. Jako podstawę analizy przyjęto języki polski i chorwacki, a definicja okazu językowego została zaprezentowana na podstawie bardzo popularnego w Europie gatunku ptaka, jakim jest bocian biały (łac. Ciconia ciconia). Proponowane pojęcie jest ściśle powiązane z językowym obrazem świata, jednak może stanowić wobec niego wcześniejsze ogniwo w procesie pozyskiwania przez człowieka informacji przetwarzanych później w interpretacje językowe i kulturowe. Okaz językowy ma swoje źródło bezpośrednio w cechach desygnatu, ponieważ by go zdefiniować, korzysta z informacji pozajęzykowych.