Tracing the domestication of the Andean root crop arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhizaBancr.): a molecular survey confirms the selection of a wild form apt to asexual reproduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 380-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Morillo ◽  
Gérard Sécond
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Wild Form ◽  
Root Crop ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Tuberous Roots ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Resource Conservation ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAndean arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhizaBancr.) is a valuable but poorly known vegetatively reproduced root crop whose origin is still unresolved. Wild tuberous forms are present in the presumed areas of domestication and have a perennial or monocarpic life history. To elucidate the origin of the cultivated form, we surveyed a molecular analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in a representative sample of this crop and its wild relatives from Ecuador and Peru, the presumed areas of domestication. Wild species with tuberous and non-tuberous roots were included, as well as the perennial and monocarpic forms of the presumed wild ancestor. While the two wild varieties ofA. xanthorrhizawere closest to the cultivars, they were distinguished by AFLPs. Unexpectedly, two clearly distinct groups were formed among the cultivars, one of which was significantly closer to the monocarpic wild form. However, the chloroplast DNA survey revealed greater similarity between all of the cultivars and the wild perennialA. xanthorrhiza. These results combined with the morphological and life history features, confirms the hypothesis that arracacha domestication started from the wild perennial form. We suggest this scenario of domestication followed by an unsuspected introgression in the cultivation, resulting in two cryptic genetic groups, well distinguished at the molecular level. This is an important revelation with implications in genetic resource conservation and breeding standpoints in this promissory crop.

scholarly journals Native and invasive populations of the ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides are highly sexual but dispersal limited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Golan ◽  
Catherine A. Adams ◽  
Hugh Cross ◽  
Holly Elmore ◽  
Monique Gardes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Amanita Phalloides ◽  
List Type ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Over Time ◽  
European Populations

AbstractThe ectomycorrhizal death cap Amanita phalloides is native to Europe but invasive in North America. To understand whether the fungus spreads underground using hyphae, or above ground using sexual spores, we mapped and genotyped sporocarps from European and American populations. Larger genetic individuals (genets) would suggest spread mediated by vegetative growth, while many small genets would suggest dispersal mediated by spores. To test whether genets are ephemeral or persistent, we also sampled from the same invasive populations over time.We mapped 13 European and American populations between 2004-2007 and characterized each using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). In 2014 and 2015, we resampled populations in California and added three new European populations. These populations and a subset of the specimens originally collected in 2004 were characterized using whole genome sequencing.In every population and across all time points, sporocarps resolve into small, apparently short-lived genets. Sporocarps nearer each other are more closely related, suggesting spores land and germinate near parent sporocarps.A. phalloides uses spores to move across landscapes. Spores travel very short distances and individuals appear ephemeral. The death cap’s life history suggests yearly sporocarp removal as a strategy for control of this deadly fungus.

Systematics of three North American polyploid arctic alkali grasses (Puccinellia, Poaceae): morphology, ploidy, and AFLP markersThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 916-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie L. Consaul ◽  
Lynn J. Gillespie ◽  
Marcia J. Waterway
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
The North ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
North American Arctic ◽  
Puccinellia Phryganodes ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Selection Of

We used flow cytometry, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and macromorphology from field and common garden specimens to delimit and identify parental taxa of three polyploid species of Puccinellia from the North American Arctic. Tetraploid Puccinellia bruggemannii T.J. Sørensen, hexaploid Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) E.L. Rand & Redfield, and octoploid Puccinellia andersonii Swallen were generally separable based on ploidy and AFLP pattern, and showed allopolyploid origin. All three shared AFLP bands with at least two diploids and with Puccinellia phryganodes (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr., shown here to have both triploid and tetraploid populations in Canada. Approximately 10% of hexaploid individuals had AFLP patterns that were intermediate between P. angustata and P. bruggemannii, or P. angustata and P. andersonii, and occupied corresponding intermediate positions in morphological ordinations. Geographic distributions provide better support for introgression than for multiple polyploid events to account for these intermediate patterns. In common garden experiments, half of the characters had significantly different values between field and common garden specimens, but these plastic characters varied depending on the species pair analyzed and between experiments. Moreover, several characters were significantly different among species, but these characters were also different in each of the two experiments. Given this variation, we pooled the field and common garden data to determine important key characters by discriminant analysis of species pairs.

Evaluating species limits and hybridization in the Carex complanata complex using morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and restriction fragment analysisThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 809-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler W. Smith ◽  
Marcia J. Waterway
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length ◽  
Restriction Site ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Species Limits ◽  
Aflp Data ◽  
Subtle Difference ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Sterile Hybrids

We used a combination of morphology, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), and restriction-site data from 252 individuals from 51 populations to investigate species limits and hybridization in the Carex complanata complex. Principal coordinate analysis of the morphological data shows clear separation of entities corresponding to Carex bushii Mackenzie and Carex caroliniana Schwein. However, only leaf indumentum reliably distinguished between Carex hirsutella Mackenzie and Carex complanata Torr. & Hook. Despite this very subtle difference, AFLP data reveal very clear genetic separation of these two taxa. Contrary to the assertions of previous authors, we found no evidence of introgression among C. complanata, C. caroliniana, and C. bushii. Relatively high genetic variation within C. hirsutella may be an indication of gene-flow between this species and one or more other species, but further work is necessary to clarify this issue. We document six previously undescribed sterile or nearly sterile hybrids involving the species in this complex.

Identify This…

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rebecca Bloom ◽  
Amanda Reynolds ◽  
Rosemary Amore ◽  
Angela Beaman ◽  
Gatenipa Kate Chantem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Life History ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Women's Studies ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
Readers Theater ◽  
Creative Pedagogy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Selection Of

Readers theater productions are meaningful expressions of creative pedagogy in higher education. This article presents the script of a readers theater called Identify This… A Readers Theater of Women's Voices, which was researched, written, and produced by undergraduate and graduate students in a women's studies class called Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender. Section one of the article reproduces the script of Identify This that was based on life history interviews with a diverse selection of women to illustrate intersectional identities. Section two briefly describes the essential elements of the process we used to create and perform Identify This.

A Demonstration of a 1:1 Correspondence Between Chiasma Frequency and Recombination Using a Lolium perenne/Festuca pratensis Substitution

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J King ◽  
L A Roberts ◽  
M J Kearsey ◽  
H M Thomas ◽  
R N Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Chiasma Frequency ◽  
Chiasma Formation ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Frequency Counts

Abstract A single chromosome of the grass species Festuca pratensis has been introgressed into Lolium perenne to produce a diploid monosomic substitution line (2n = 2x = 14). The chromatin of F. pratensis and L. perenne can be distinguished by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), and it is therefore possible to visualize the substituted F. pratensis chromosome in the L. perenne background and to study chiasma formation in a single marked bivalent. Recombination occurs freely in the F. pratensis/L. perenne bivalent, and chiasma frequency counts give a predicted map length for this bivalent of 76 cM. The substituted F. pratensis chromosome was also mapped with 104 EcoRI/Tru91 and HindIII/Tru91 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), generating a marker map of 81 cM. This map length is almost identical to the map length of 76 cM predicted from the chiasma frequency data. The work demonstrates a 1:1 correspondence between chiasma frequency and recombination and, in addition, the absence of chromatid interference across the Festuca and Lolium centromeres.

scholarly journals Social Valuation of Genebank Activities: Assessing Public Demand for Genetic Resource Conservation in the Czech Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Tyack ◽  
Milan Ščasný
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Resource Conservation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
Genetic Resource Conservation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
South Moravia

The use of diverse genetic resources to breed improved crop varieties has been a key driver of agricultural productivity improvements in the past century. At the same time, the adoption of modern varieties has contributed to substantial loss of traditional varieties. In this analysis, we estimate the social value provided by several proposed crop diversity conservation programs to be carried out by the Czech genebank system. We use a double-bounded dichotomous choice model to estimate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for conserving additional crop varieties in the genebank for ten years using data collected through an online contingent valuation survey administered to a sample representative of the general Czech population (1037 respondents) and a smaller sub-sample representative of the agricultural region of South Moravia (500 respondents). Mean WTP was found to be about $9 for both the Czech and S. Moravian sub-samples, corresponding to country-wide benefits of ~$68 million. These benefits increase by 6–7% for every ten varieties conserved, implying total welfare benefits of ~$84 million for a program conserving the maximum number of 35 additional crop varieties offered in the experiment. The study illustrates an empirical approach of potential value for policymakers responsible for determining funding levels for genetic resource conservation.

scholarly journals Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP's)

2017 ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
June Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Restriction Fragment ◽  
Restriction Enzyme ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Pcr Conditions

AFLP is a combination restriction fragment/PCR molecular marker technique which detects polymorphisms due to changes at or in the vicinity of restriction enzyme sites. The technique detects multiple polymorphic loci throughout the genome and may be used for fingerprinting and mapping purposes. The main advantages of the method are the consistency and reliability of the technique due to stringent PCR conditions and the ability to rapidly detect many polymorphic loci.

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