Morphometric trait manifestation in inbred lines of monogerm beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)

Relevance. Inbreeding is the most widespread method of obtaining starting breeding material and plays a central role in heterosis breeding programs of most crops. Beetroot inbred lines possessing economically valuable characteristics require constant maintenance via self-pollination. However, self-pollination leads to depression of a number of traits. Thorough theoretical studies and practical developments are needed to preserve valuable beetroot lines. We aimed to study the root and leaf rosette variability resulting from beetroot self-pollination. We also investigated the inheritance of monogermity in beetroots.Materials and methods. Experimental work was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center" (FSBSI FSVC), 2011-202], Moscow Region. The object of the study was inbred beetroot lines originated from beetroots of foreign selection. The research data were obtained via field observations and measurements.Results. It has been experimentally shown that the constant signs of self-pollinated beet lines of 1 year of life are the position and height of the leaf rosette. Stabilization and maintenance of separate fertility at a high level is carried out by selection. A negative correlation was noted between the signs of the degree of separateness and the height of the leaf rosette of the plant, the proportion of the neck of the root crop in its diameter, the mass of the root crop and the proportion of the root crop in the biomass of the plant in the offspring of the fourth generation of the inbreeding. The decrease in the productivity of the seed plant occurs at the beginning of the process of creating self-pollinated lines – in the first generation.

The combining ability of self-pollinated lines of the red beet(Beta vulgaris L)

The proper choice of starting material determines the results of the selection. If the starting forms of plants are not fit for crossing and do not match the goals set or the soil and climate conditions available, any selection work may prove futile. The creation of new starting material is based on the study of the existing varieties and the selection of the best biotypes, as well as the assessment of a set of biological and economically valuable parameters of breeding. Inbreeding is the most widely used method of obtaining new starting material, especially homozygous lines, and it plays a key role in heterosis selection programs for the majority of agricultural crops. The use of beet heterosis allows for a significant increase in homogeneity, quality, and marketability of the produce. In 2018-2020, nine samples of red beet starting material were assessed. Using the polycross methods, we assessed the general combining ability of self-pollinated red beet lines across the parameters determining the commercial properties of this root crop: the proportion of the root crop top in its diameter, the share of leaves in the plant biomass, and regularity of shape and marketability. The subject matter of this work is the lines of red beet with round root crops. Research material includes the raw data from field measurements and records. We used the Kestrel F1 hybrid variety released for Central Russia. Field tests were carried out using the uniform procedures set out by the All-Russian Horticultural Research Institute - a branch of the Federal Research Center for Horticulture from Moscow Oblast. At the experimental locations, we used the agricultural practices typical of the region. Using the properties - the small proportion of the root crop top (42.1-47%) and the share of leaves in the biomass (24.1-27.5%), high regularity of root crop shape (up to 85.6%), and marketability (88.3-95.9%) - we determined the following lines: 506 I2, 507 I2.

Variability of the effects of combining ability in the breeding of F1 radish hybrids

Based on homozygous lines, three sterile and seven fertile, radishes were crossed by the method of two groups of genotypes. The resulting offspring and parental lines were tested when growing in soil, in a film greenhouse, using traditional techniques. The experiment was repeated twice to identify hybrid combinations showing consistent performance. The grown plants were evaluated according to economically valuable traits: the weight of the root crop and the aboveground vegetative part, the length, and diameter of the root crop. In the method proposed by V.K. Savchenko, statistical indicators of the combining ability of lines were calculated, including the effects of GCA. When tested at different times, we identified lines that changed the direction of the action of genes on the manifestation of quantitative traits. For the selection of lines for future breeding programs, lines were selected that showed stable performance. The test took the indicators of the inbred lines themselves, which made it possible to assess the relationship of the phenotypic manifestation of the trait with the effects of GCA of the same lines. The presence of close relationships allows simplifying the work of breeders, namely, to assess the manifestation of a trait in plants, without evaluating the offspring. For the same purpose, the presence of relationships between quantitative signs was assessed; during the test, close correlations were found in the first period, while in the second period they were absent. The data obtained indicate the unreliability of even close correlations obtained from the results of single tests. The indicators of the GCA effects of the studied lines are applicable for the selection of only a specific breeding institution, while the comparison of indicators for two or more test periods helps to identify patterns in the control of the inheritance of the studied quantitative traits.

A New Type of Satellite Associated with Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses

Cassava is an important root crop in the developing world and a food and income crop for more than 300 million African farmers. Cassava is rising in global importance and trade as the demands for biofuels and commercial starch increase.

Chapter 15. Root Crop Production in Florida

Chapter 15 of the Vegetable Production Handbook.

Rexy is a new medium-ripe variety of table carrots

Сдерживающие факторы производства моркови в России – недостаток увлажнения, экстремальный температурный режим, поражаемость альтернариозом. Основное промышленное производство корнеплодных культур сосредоточено в Центральном, Южном и Приволжском федеральных округах, в которых выращивают около 70% валового сбора. Лидерами по объему производства моркови в 2018 году стали Волгоградская, Московская, Новгородская, Самарская области и Краснодарский край. Из года в год увеличивается потребление моркови и соответственно возрастает ее производство. Санкции дали российским производителям возможность заменить качественный импортный продукт на отечественный, и мы должны этим воспользоваться. Цель работы: оценить потенциал нового сорта моркови столовой Рекси отечественной селекции, отвечающего современным требованиям товарного производства. Исследования проводили в условиях открытого грунта в селекционном севообороте Агрофирмы «Поиск» (Московская область) в 2019–2020 годах. Новый перспективный сорт моркови столовой Рекси выведен и испытан в Московской, Ивановской, Рязанской и Смоленской областях. Среднеспелый. Розетка листьев полупрямостоячая. Лист длинный, зеленый, крупнорассеченный. Корнеплод короткий, конический со слабым сбегом и слегка заостренным основанием (сортотип Шантенэ). Сердцевина и кора оранжевые. Масса корнеплода – 152–201 г. Содержание сухого вещества – 11,5%, общего сахара – 7,2%, каротина – до 18,9 мг на 100 г сырого вещества. Сорт проходил производственные испытания в крупнейшем овощеводческом товарном хозяйстве ЗАО «Куликово» (Дмитровский район Московской области) на площади 10 га. В условиях овощного севооборота у сорта отмечена высокая товарная урожайность на раннюю продукцию – 56 т/га. Выход товарной продукции – 90,4%. В результате испытаний 2019–2020 годов на четырех госсортоучастках РФ выявлено, что средняя урожайность сорта за два года составила 71,93 т/га. Наибольшие показатели урожайности сорта Рекси отмечены в Рязанской и Московской областях. Доля стандартной продукции в среднем по областям составила 86,2%, наибольший показатель отмечен в Московской области – 95,7%. Constraining factors of production of carrots in Russia are: lack of moisture, extreme temperature conditions, morbidity of alternariosis. The main industrial production of root crops is concentrated in the Central, Southern and Volga Federal Districts, where about 70% of the gross harvest is grown. The leaders in terms of carrot production in 2018 were the Volgograd, Moscow, Novgorod, Samara regions and the Krasnodar Territory. The consumption of carrots is growing from year to year, and production is growing accordingly. The sanctions have given Russian manufacturers the opportunity to replace a high-quality imported product with a domestic one, and we must take advantage of this. The purpose of the work: to assess the potential of a new variety of table carrot Rexy of domestic selection that meets the modern requirements of commodity production. The research was carried out in open ground conditions in the selection crop rotation of the Poisk agrofirm (Moscow region) in 2019–2020. A new promising variety of Rexy carrots has been bred and tested in the Moscow, Ivanovo, Ryazan and Smolensk regions. Medium-ripened. The rosette of the leaves is semi-erect. The leaf is long, green, coarsely dissected. The root crop is short, conical with a weak shoot and a slightly pointed base (Chantenay variety type). The core and bark are orange. The weight of the root crop is 152–201 g. The content of dry matter is 11.5%, total sugar – 7.2%, carotene up to 18.9 mg per 100 g of raw matter. He passed production tests in the largest vegetable-growing commodity farm of CJSC Kulikovo (Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region) on an area of 10 hectares. In the conditions of vegetable crop rotation, the variety has a high commercial yield for early products – 56 t/ha. The yield of marketable products is 90.4%. As a result of tests in 2019–2020 at four state-owned agricultural sites of the Russian Federation, it was revealed that the average yield of the variety for two years was 71.93 t/ha. The highest productivity indicators of the Rexy variety were noted in the Ryazan and Moscow regions. The share of standard products on average in the regions was 86.2%, the highest figure was recorded in the Moscow region – 95.7%.

THE MOST COMMON ORGANISMS ARE BIOINDICATORS OF SOIL FERTILITY IN THE NORTH OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION

The research was conducted in the Tambov and Lipetsk regions. A comparative assessment of the sensitivity of the most common and publicly available bioindicators of soils in the northern part of the Central Chernozem region was carried out. Among cereals and leguminous crops, simply and alfalfa are very sensitive to changing the acidity of the soil. From cruciferous vegetable plants, lettuce and radish react well to the formation of humus-rich soils and the change of soil type in the rosette phase during the growth of the root crop (the biochemical composition of the root crop changes). Leaf lettuce and spinach react sensitively not only to the type of nitrogen ferti-lizer, the presence of chlorine, but also to the dose of nitrogen for the active substance. The cu-cumber reacts sensitively to different levels of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil by the time the first whiskers are formed. Winter cereals (wheat and triticale) are good bioindicators for dif-ferent soil bonuses and their biomass shows a different attitude to the soil from two zones of apple orchards – row spacing and trunk strips. Barley is also responsive to soil bonitet. All its above-ground organs change the content of the common forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium when the soil conditions change, and only in the ear of these elements of nutrition remain in the optimal range. Apple seedlings with their aboveground biomass, the number of leaves and their water regime react to changes in the properties of the humus horizon, soil fatigue and the change of the soil horizons themselves. In response to an increase in the content of humus, potassium, and manganese in the soil and a change in pHKCl in the leaves of clonal apple rootstocks PB-9 and 62-396, the amount of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium changes. Rootstock 62-396 sensitively changes the content of anthocyanins, chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves in re-sponse to the change in soil type. Yeast and mold fungi reduce their number when the pesticide load on the soil increases. The complex of cellulose-decomposing soil microorganisms reacts sen-sitively to the change of the soil horizon, soil type and anthropogenic transformation during the development of land for apple orchards.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF A HORIZONTAL CONVEYER-CLEANER OF ROOT CROPS

The paper covers theoretical substantiation of the rational parameters of a horizontal conveyer-cleaner of sugar beets providing their minimum loss during process performance. The procedure of conducting experimental investigations on the developed design of a horizontal conveyer-cleaner of root crops in configuration with a root crop harvester is presented. The results of the experimental research on determining root crop loss, damage and impurity depending on the design and kinematic parameters of a cleaner are provided. In order to choose the rational parameters, specific recommendations are provided.