Application of SCoT markers for accessing of genetic diversity of gramineous forage grass species

Using the SCoT marker system, 8 varieties of cereal grasses belonging to 5 species were analyzed: Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca rubra, Festulolium. Of the 10 tested SCoT markers, 7 informative markers were selected that reveal interspecies genetic polymorphism. According to the results of the analysis, DNA profiles characteristic of each studied species were obtained, and primers allowing to detect intervarietal differences for subsequent identification and molecular genetic passportization were selected.

Evaluarea calităţii biomasei din plantațiile semincere de ierburi perene și posibilități de valorificar

We studied the quality of the biomass (straw) of perinnal grass seed crop: Festuca arundinacea, Festuca pratensis, Festuca rubra, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phleum pretense. The biochemical composi-tion of straw: 36-83 g/kg CP, 400-555 g/kg CF, 46-98 g/kg CA, 647-918 g/kg NDF, 424-604 g/kg ADF, 53-86 g/kg ADL, 371-518 g/kg Cel, 223-314g/kg HC, with nutritive and energy value 10.3-39.3 % DMD, 8.8-36.2 % ODM, 7.08-9.14 MJ/kg ME and 3.10-5.45 MJ/kg NEl. We found that the straw substrates for anaerobic digestion, have C/N=37-92 and biochemical methane potential 254-313 l/kg ODM. The theore-tical ethanol yield from structural carbohydrates averaged 432-605 L/t.

The yield of legume-gramineous ecosystems with various varieties of red clover on the Non-Chernozem drained lands

Изучение урожайности трёхкомпонентных бобово-злаковых травосмесей с различными сортами клевера лугового проводилось в Тверской области на опытном поле ВНИИ мелиорированных земель в 2018–2020 годах. Опыт заложен в 2018 году на осушаемой дерново-подзолистой почве. Изучались следующие сорта многолетних трав: клевер луговой (Trifolium pratense L.) Кретуновский, Грин, Шанс, Фаленский 86; люцерна изменчивая (× Medicago varia Mart.) Вега 87; тимофеевка луговая (Phleum pratense L.) ВИК 9 и овсяница луговая (Festuca pratensis L.) Сахаровская. В 2020 году наиболее высокими темпами роста обладали травостои второго года пользования с ранними сортами клевера лугового Кретуновский и Грин в смеси с тимофеевкой луговой сорта ВИК 9 — 67–70 см при густоте стеблестоя 495–852 шт./м2. Наиболее продуктивными на осушаемых землях показали себя смешанные травостои люцерны изменчивой, клевера лугового и тимофеевки луговой. Трёхкомпонентные агрофитоценозы укосного типа на основе сортов клевера лугового Кретуновский, Грин, Шанс, Фаленский 86, люцерны изменчивой и тимофеевки луговой сформировали урожай кормовой массы 35–39,7 т/га. Травосмесь тимофеевки луговой с раннеспелым сортом клевера Шанс сформировала два укоса с выходом сухой массы 9,5 т/га, овсяницы луговой — 9,0 т/га. Отмечено хорошее качество полученной растительной массы: содержание переваримого протеина составило 18,9–19,5 г/кг при энергетической питательности 1,09–1,26. В растительной массе травосмесей с овсяницей луговой содержание переваримого протеина было выше, чем в смесях с тимофеевкой луговой, на 1,1 г/кг корма в первом и на 2,41 г/кг корма во втором укосе. По содержанию кормовых единиц в 1 кг корма питательность кормовой массы в зависимости от состава исследуемых смесей была равноценна — 0,23–0,24. The investigation took place in the Tver region on the trial field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands in 2018–2020. The research tested the yield of trinary legume-gramineous ecosystems with various varieties of red clover. The field trial was carried out on the drained sod-podzolic soil in 2018. The following perennial grasses were studied: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) “Kretunovskiy”, “Grin”, “Shans”, “Falenskiy 86”; bastard alfalfa (× Medicago varia Mart.) “Vega 87”; common timothy (Phleum pratense L.) “VIK 9”; and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.) “Sakharovskaya”. Growth rates were the highest in the mixtures with short-season red clover varieties “Kretunovskiy”, “Grin”, and common timothy. In 2020, these variants reached height of 67–70 cm and density of 495–852 plants per m2 in the second year. Trinary ecosystems to be cut with bastard alfalfa, red clover “Kretunovskiy”, “Grin”, “Shans”, “Falenskiy 86”, and common timothy provided the maximum yield on the drained lands — 35–39.7 t ha-1. The mixture of common timothy with short-season red clover “Shans” formed 9.5 t ha-1 of dry mass per two cuts, meadow fescue — 9.0 t ha-1. The feed mass showed high quality: digestible protein content was 18.9–19.5 g/kg, energy nutrition was 1.09–1.26. Mixtures with meadow fescue exceeded the ones with common timothy in digestible protein content by 1.1 g/kg in the first cut and by 2.41 g/kg — in the second one. Different variants showed almost no variation in feed units per 1 kg of forage — 0.23–0.24.

Levels of acid detergent insoluble protein in grasses and feeds made from them

The purpose of this research is to assess the level of thermal damage by determining the content of acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) in perennial cereal forage grasses Bromus inermis, Festuca pratensis, Phleum, depending on the phase of their vegetation (at the beginning of shooting, during the earing and flowering phases), as well as in silage and haylage prepared from them during the same phases. Samples for analyzes were dried at the temperature of 60-65 °C. Nitrogen of ADICP was determined in the residue of ADF (acid detergent fiber) obtained by filtering a solution of acid detergent through a paper filter. With the growth of grasses, an increase in the content of ADF in them was observed, followed by an increase in ADICP in Phleum and especially in Festuca pratensis which was characterized by higher rates of ADF accumulation. In Bromus inermis, the increase in ADF did not lead to an increase in the concentration of ADICP in the grass due to a decrease of its portion in ADF. The content of ADICP in green grass ranged from 0.85 to 1.58 % in dry matter, ADF ‒ from 27.0 to 45.8 %, no correlation was found between them. Conservation of grasses in all phases of their growth caused an increase in the content of ADF compared to the original grass, but the mass fraction of ADICP in the dry matter of silage and haylage was not higher than in the original grass, due to a lower mass fraction of ADICP in the ADF compared to grasses. In this regard, it is noted that if the technology of harvesting silage and haylage is observed, there is no increase in the level of thermal damage to these feeds. In this regard, it is noted, that when the preparation of silage and haylage is carried out according to the required technology, there is no increase in the level of thermal damage to these feeds. There is close correlation between the percentage of ADICP in CP (crude protein) and the contents of CP. The correlation coefficients were -0.83; -0.88 and -0.92 for grasses, silage and haylage, respectively. The lowest percentage of ADICP in CP was observed in the early phases of grass growth. In this regard, there is a need to harvest them in earlier growth phases, since the content of CP decreases with growth and the proportion of indigestible protein in it increases. If there are organoleptic signs of thermal damage to feeds given in the article, it is recommended to make an amendment to CP content on the basis of the result of the analysis for the content of ADICP.

The influence of oil pollution on the growth and development of phleum pratense, festuca pratensis, phalaris canariensis

Purpose of the study: to study the effect of oil pollution on the morphological parameters of cereal grasses: canary grass, timothy grass and meadow fescue. Tasks: assessment of the impact of oil pollution of soils on seed germination, growth and development of the studied species by morphological parameters; analysis of the species variability of the studied indicators. Oil-contaminated high-moor peat was used as a substrate. Objects of research: seeds of cereal grasses: meadow timothy Phleum pratense L, 1753, meadow fescue Festuca pratensis Huds, canary grass Phalaris canariensis. Evaluation of the effect of oil-contaminated soil was carried out on the basis of changes in seed germination and morphological parameters: plant mass, leaf length, length and number of roots. The experimental results were processed by the method of variation statistics. As a result of studying the effect of oil-contaminated peat on seed germination, it was found that in the variants of the experiment with the minimum oil content, no differences were noted with the control values. The maximum concentration of oil (10,000 mg / kg) reduced seed germination by 924%. With an increase in the oil content in the soil, the morphometric parameters of all the studied species of cereal grasses also decreased. The greatest differences in the studied test functions, in comparison with the control variant, were noted in canary grass, the smallest in meadow fescue.

Variability of Selected Traits in Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) Plants with Different Susceptibility to Seed Shattering

In meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), a perennial fodder grass plant characterized by high quality and yield potential, seed shattering makes seed production difficult. The objective of the research was to compare two subpopulations, differing in a tendency to seed shattering, with respect to their variability in the beginning of the heading and flowering stages, their morphological traits (plant height and panicle length), and changes occurring at the site of the bonding between the caryopsis and the pedicel. The subpopulations were obtained by divergent selection carried out on four meadow fescue cultivars. Significant variability in years and subpopulations in respect of the tested traits was found. The subpopulation with a low tendency to seed shattering was characterized by a 2–3 day delay in the beginning of the heading and flowering stages. However, in both the subpopulations, a good flowering stage synchronization was found, with its variability being several times smaller when compared with the heading stage. Between the starting dates of these stages, a significant correlation was found (r = 0.828; p < 0.01). The clones with a high tendency of seed shattering were approximately 7 cm shorter, while the length of panicles was similar in both the subpopulations. The analysis, which was performed with the use of a scanning microscope, showed that, in genotypes with a low tendency to shattering, the formation of the abscission layer was four days late, which may confirm the effectiveness of the carried out selection.

RESULTS OF LABORATORY RESEARCHES OF THE SEED MIXER FOR PERENNIAL GRASSES

Проблема и цель. Целью настоящей работы являлась разработка эффективной конструкции перемешивающего устройства для приготовления посевного материала травосмесей, а также лабораторные исследования результативности работы смесителя. Методология. Для достижения цели объектом исследования выбран экспериментальный смеситель семян, позволяющий осуществлять высококачественное перемешивание семенного материала многолетних трав, отличающийся различными размерно-массовыми параметрами. В ходе проведения исследований была разработана и изготовлена работоспособная конструкция смесителя, защищённая патентом РФ, позволяющая осуществлять высококачественное перемешивание семян, характеризующееся также низким травмирующим воздействием на смешиваемые компоненты. Это, в частности, подтверждено результатами определения основных посевных характеристик – лабораторной всхожести и энергии прорастания, значения которых, как правило, только возрастали, что связано с оказываемым физическим воздействием на достаточно плотные семенные оболочки семян трав, способствующим в условиях достаточной влагообеспеченности улучшению их прорастания. Определение эффективности разных способов приготовления травосмесей осуществлялось инструментально при помощи литровой пурки, для чего до начала и после окончания процесса смешивания проводили определение натуры семян перемешиваемых культур. Результаты. Выявлено, что оптимальным эксплуатационным режимом для приготовления травосмеси, состоящей из клевера лугового, овсяницы луговой, тимофеевки луговой, а также ежи сборной и овсяницы луговой является восьмиминутное смешивание с частотой вращения рабочего органа 16 об/мин; смеси, состоящей из райграса пастбищного, ежи сборной, мятлика лугового – 12 минут при 16 об/мин; из райграса пастбищного, клевера ползучего, клевера лугового, тимофеевки луговой – 10 минут при 12 об/мин. Заключение. Реализуемая тенденция изменения объемной массы травосмесей в зависимости от режимов работы экспериментального смесителя объясняется, прежде всего, различными геометрическими параметрами перемешиваемого материала, что практически нивелирует возможность унификации процесса смешивания для смесей семян многолетних трав в целом. Следующим этапом является исследование качества полученных кормов в зависимости от пропорций перемешиваемого материала. Problem and purpose. The purpose of this work was to develop an efective design of a mixing device for preparing seed of grass mixtures, as well as laboratory studies of the efectiveness of the mixer. Methodology. To achieve the goal, an experimental seed mixer was chosen as the object of the study, which allows high-quality mixing of seed material of perennial grasses, difering in diferent size-mass parameters. During the implementation of the research work, it was developed, a workable design of the mixer was made, protected by a Russian patent, which allows high-quality mixing of seeds, which is also characterized by a low traumatic efect on the mixed components, which, in particular, is confrmed by the results of determining the main sowing characteristics- laboratory germination and germination energy, the values of which, as a rule, only increased, which is associated with the physical efect exerted on the sufciently dense seed coat of grass seeds, which, under conditions of sufcient moisture supply, improves their germination. Determination of the efectiveness of diferent methods of preparation of grass mixtures was carried out instrumentally using a liter purr, for which, before and after the end of the mixing process, the nature of the seeds of the mixed crops was determined. Results. It was revealed that the optimal operating mode for preparing a grass mixture consisting of Trifolium pratense L., Festuca pratensis Huds., Phlum pratense L., as well as Dactylis glomerata L. and Festuca pratensis Huds. is an eight-minute mixing with a working speed of 16 rpm, from Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L., Poa pratensis L.-12 minutes at 16 rpm; from Lolium perenne L., Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense L., Phlum pratense L. – 10 minutes at 12 rpm. Conclusion. The realizable tendency to change the volumetric mass of grass mixtures depending on the operating modes of the experimental mixer is explained, frst of all, by diferent geometric parameters of the mixed material, which practically negates the possibility of unifying the mixing process for mixtures of seeds of perennial grasses as a whole. The next step is to study the quality of the resulting feed, depending on the proportions of the mixed material.

SPECTRUM OF CAUSATIVELY RELEVANT AEROALLERGENS OF SOUTHERN UKRAINE WHICH PROVOKE ALLERGIC REACTION IN PATIENTS WITH POLLINOSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF KHERSON REGION

The aim: the analysis of spectrum of causatively relevant aeroallergens of southern Ukraine which provoke allergic reaction in patients with pollinosis. Materials and methods: ambulatory medical records data and skin prick-testing results of 477 patients afflicted with pollinosis in Kherson (250 women – 52,41 % and 227 men – 47,59 %) aged from 19 to 66 years old (38,05±0,45) have been analyzed retrospectively. Results: all patients revealed clinical implications mainly during the September-October period. Clinically 151 patients (31,66%) showed severe and 326 (68,34%) moderate to severe clinical progression. Composite family plants (composites) proved to be the most widespread plants (69,76 %) among all pollen aeroallergens of Kherson region. Weeds and sunflower showed the highest percentage among composites: Ambrosia topped to 79,87 %, Helianthus (sunflower)– 75,68 %, Artemisia – 42,98 %, and Cyclachaena (sump weed) – 36,48 %. Wild and cultivated grains’ aeroallergens toped to 28,22 %. Among them the sensibility to Lolium perenne (19,28 %), Festuca pratensis (17,82 %), Dactylis glomerata (17,82 %) has been noticed more often. Tree aeroallergens topped to 2,03 %. Conclusions: The third wave of pollen formation (September-October period) appeared to be the most significant and clinically hard for Kherson region. According to the specific allergologic research data, allergens of the composite family plants, among which pollen of Ambrosia, Helianthus, Artemisia and Cyclachaena cause more frequent sensibility, turned to be the most widespread causatively relevant aeroallergens in Kherson region which provoke allergic reaction in patients with pollinosis. The second place was taken by wild and cultivated grains’ aeroallergens, among which sensibility to Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata proved to be the most common.

Direct evidence for crossover and chromatid interference in meiosis of two plant hybrids (Lolium multiflorum×Festuca pratensis and Allium cepa×A. roylei)

Crossing over, in addition to its strictly genetic role, also performs a critical mechanical function, by bonding homologues in meiosis. Hence, it is responsible for an orderly reduction of the chromosome number. As such, it is strictly controlled in frequency and distribution. The well-known crossover control is positive crossover interference which reduces the probability of a crossover in the vicinity of an already formed crossover. A poorly studied aspect of the control is chromatid interference. Such analyses are possible in very few organisms as they require observation of all four products of a single meiosis. Here, we provide direct evidence of chromatid interference. Using in situ probing in two interspecific plant hybrids (Lolium multiflorum×Festuca pratensis and Allium cepa×A. roylei) during anaphase I, we demonstrate that the involvement of four chromatids in double crossovers is significantly more frequent than expected (64% versus 25%). We also provide a physical measure of the crossover interference distance, covering ~30–40% of the relative chromosome arm length, and show that the centromere acts as a barrier for crossover interference. The two arms of a chromosome appear to act as independent units in the process of crossing over. Chromatid interference has to be seriously addressed in genetic mapping approaches and further studies.