Steroid-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity: sex differences and similarities

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSSELL D. ROMEO ◽  
ELIZABETH M. WATERS ◽  
BRUCE S. MCEWEN
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Neuroendocrine Axis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hormonal Milieu ◽  
Hippocampal Structure

Early in development, steroid hormones structurally organize various regions of the CNS. However, steroid hormones continue to affect the structure and function of the CNS throughout the life of the individual. In this review, we discuss sex differences and similarities in steroid-induced synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Particular emphasis is placed on steroid-induced plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain region important in learning and memory. This topic is relevant to the growing evidence for the actions of sex hormones outside of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. It also tells an important and emerging story about non-genomic and genomic actions of steroids at the cellular and molecular levels. Specifically, the effects of estrogen and progesterone as well as the androgens and glucocorticoids are discussed. The influence of steroids on hippocampal structure and function can differ vastly between the sexes. However, there are certain similarities that might aid in our understanding of how steroids affect CNS plasticity in general. Although future studies will undoubtedly lead us to a greater understanding of these phenomena, the data reviewed indicate that when studying synaptic plasticity, the sex and hormonal milieu of the individual might significantly influence the outcome and interpretation of the research.

Effect of EPS on biofilm structure and function as revealed by an individual-based model of biofilm growth

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 135-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-U. Kreft ◽  
J. W. Wimpenny
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Individual Based Model ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Binding Forces ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Biofilm Structure

We have simulated a nitrifying biofilm with one ammonia and one nitrite oxidising species in order to elucidate the effect of various extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production scenarios on biofilm structure and function. The individual-based model (IbM) BacSim simulates diffusion of all substrates on a two-dimensional lattice. Each bacterium is individually simulated as a sphere of given size in a continuous, three-dimensional space. EPS production kinetics was described by a growth rate dependent and an independent term (Luedeking-Piret equation). The structure of the biofilm was dramatically influenced by EPS production or capsule formation. EPS production decreased growth of producers and stimulated growth of non-producers because of the energy cost involved. For the same reason, EPS accumulation can fall as its rate of production increases. The patchiness and roughness of the biofilm decreased and the porosity increased due to EPS production. EPS density was maximal in the middle of the vertical profile. Introduction of binding forces between like cells increased clustering.

Effects of Glucocorticoids on Age-Related Impairments of Hippocampal Structure and Function in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Bin He ◽  
Jun-Long Zhang ◽  
Jin-Feng Hu ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Takeo Machida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hippocampal Structure

Sex Differences in Adrenocortical Structure and Function

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (07) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leśniewska ◽  
M. Nowak ◽  
L. Malendowicz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

OR-05 SEX DIFFERENCES IN VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (C) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Thessa Hilgenkamp ◽  
Garett Griffith ◽  
Robert W. Motl ◽  
Tracy Baynard ◽  
Bo Fernhall
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
And Function

Erratum to “Genetic influences on hippocampal structure and function in recombinant inbred mice” [Behav. Brain Res. 196 (2009) 78–83]

2009 ◽  
Vol 199 (2) ◽  
pp. 364
Author(s):  
Maureen V. Martin ◽  
James D. Churchill ◽  
Hongxin Dong ◽  
David F. Wozniak ◽  
James M. Cheverud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Mice ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hippocampal Structure

scholarly journals Spindle Activity Orchestrates Plasticity during Development and Sleep

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Lindemann ◽  
Joachim Ahlbeck ◽  
Sebastian H. Bitzenhofer ◽  
Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Spindle Activity ◽  
Early Brain Development ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

Spindle oscillations have been described during early brain development and in the adult brain. Besides similarities in temporal patterns and involved brain areas, neonatal spindle bursts (NSBs) and adult sleep spindles (ASSs) show differences in their occurrence, spatial distribution, and underlying mechanisms. While NSBs have been proposed to coordinate the refinement of the maturating neuronal network, ASSs are associated with the implementation of acquired information within existing networks. Along with these functional differences, separate synaptic plasticity mechanisms seem to be recruited. Here, we review the generation of spindle oscillations in the developing and adult brain and discuss possible implications of their differences for synaptic plasticity. The first part of the review is dedicated to the generation and function of ASSs with a particular focus on their role in healthy and impaired neuronal networks. The second part overviews the present knowledge of spindle activity during development and the ability of NSBs to organize immature circuits. Studies linking abnormal maturation of brain wiring with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders highlight the importance to better elucidate neonatal plasticity rules in future research.

Lifestyle and Genetic Contributions to Cognitive Decline and Hippocampal Structure and Function in Healthy Aging

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Woodard ◽  
Michael A. Sugarman ◽  
Kristy A. Nielson ◽  
J. Carson Smith ◽  
Michael Seidenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Hippocampal Structure

scholarly journals Idiosyncratic cleavage and ligation activity of individual hammerhead ribozymes and core sequence variants thereof

2007 ◽  
Vol 388 (7) ◽  
pp. 737-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Przybilski ◽  
Christian Hammann
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozyme ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozymes ◽  
Satellite Dnas ◽  
Cleavage Reactions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe hammerhead ribozyme is a small RNA endonuclease found in sub-viral plant pathogens, in transcripts from certain animal satellite DNAs and encoded at distinct loci ofArabidopsis thaliana. Kinetic analyses of tertiary stabilised ribozymes from peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd),Schistosoma mansoniandA. thalianarevealed a ten-fold difference in cleavage rates. Core nucleotide variations affected cleavage reactions least in theA. thalianaribozyme, and most in theS. mansoniribozyme. The reverse ligation reaction was catalysed efficiently by the PLMVd andA. thalianaribozymes. The different behaviour of the individual hammerhead ribozymes is discussed in terms of structure and function.

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