scholarly journals Idiosyncratic cleavage and ligation activity of individual hammerhead ribozymes and core sequence variants thereof

2007 ◽  
Vol 388 (7) ◽  
pp. 737-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Przybilski ◽  
Christian Hammann
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozyme ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozymes ◽  
Satellite Dnas ◽  
Cleavage Reactions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe hammerhead ribozyme is a small RNA endonuclease found in sub-viral plant pathogens, in transcripts from certain animal satellite DNAs and encoded at distinct loci ofArabidopsis thaliana. Kinetic analyses of tertiary stabilised ribozymes from peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd),Schistosoma mansoniandA. thalianarevealed a ten-fold difference in cleavage rates. Core nucleotide variations affected cleavage reactions least in theA. thalianaribozyme, and most in theS. mansoniribozyme. The reverse ligation reaction was catalysed efficiently by the PLMVd andA. thalianaribozymes. The different behaviour of the individual hammerhead ribozymes is discussed in terms of structure and function.

Effect of EPS on biofilm structure and function as revealed by an individual-based model of biofilm growth

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 135-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-U. Kreft ◽  
J. W. Wimpenny
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Individual Based Model ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Binding Forces ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Biofilm Structure

We have simulated a nitrifying biofilm with one ammonia and one nitrite oxidising species in order to elucidate the effect of various extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production scenarios on biofilm structure and function. The individual-based model (IbM) BacSim simulates diffusion of all substrates on a two-dimensional lattice. Each bacterium is individually simulated as a sphere of given size in a continuous, three-dimensional space. EPS production kinetics was described by a growth rate dependent and an independent term (Luedeking-Piret equation). The structure of the biofilm was dramatically influenced by EPS production or capsule formation. EPS production decreased growth of producers and stimulated growth of non-producers because of the energy cost involved. For the same reason, EPS accumulation can fall as its rate of production increases. The patchiness and roughness of the biofilm decreased and the porosity increased due to EPS production. EPS density was maximal in the middle of the vertical profile. Introduction of binding forces between like cells increased clustering.

The Doctor-Patient Relationship as a Diagnostic Tool

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max B. Clyne
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Doctor Patient Relationship ◽  
Statistical Probability ◽  
Objective Observer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Diagnosis is possible on a number of levels. Traditional, overall, and interrelationship types of diagnosis are differentiated. The effectiveness of the traditional diagnosis, which is used to indicate etiology of disease, to assess the effect of the disorder on structure and function, and to classify the illness, is questioned, since it usually leads to a general prognosis based on statistical probability rather than to a unique prognosis indicating specific predictions and treatments for the individual patient. The doctor, when making this kind of diagnosis, acts as an objective observer and assesses an abstract concept, the illness rather than a person, so that the traditional diagnosis is illness-centered. By including features of the patient's personality and his relationships with others, the overall diagnosis provides a more embracing overview of the individual's physical and emotional conditions. It has greater ongoing validity in description and of usefulness for treatment by centering upon the patient as an individual whose conflicts and sufferings are felt and understood. It may require lengthy interviewing, but this may be shortened in practice by focusing upon the particular aspect of the patient's world which seems central to the pathology. This focal area is often determined spontaneously through a “flash,” the mutual intuitive recognition of an important understanding between doctor and patient, leading to further diagnostic and therapeutic work. The flash establishes a climate of high emotional charge and involves both patient and doctor intrinsically in the diagnostic process and its outcome. It is one of the means by which an interrelationship diagnosis, centered on the doctor-patient relationship, may be arrived at. Truly successful treatment in general practice, and perhaps in most branches of medicine, is probably based on some form of interrelationship diagnosis, even though this diagnosis may not have been verbalized or properly conceptualized by the doctor. Case material illustrates the effectiveness of each type of diagnosis for the physician and for his patient.

Structure and function of the skin

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Dermoepidermal Junction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.

A database search for hammerhead ribozyme motifs

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gräf ◽  
R. Przybilski ◽  
G. Steger ◽  
C. Hammann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozyme ◽  
Database Search ◽  
Catalytic Rna ◽  
Magnesium Ion ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Hammerhead Ribozymes ◽  
Structural Requirements ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Naturally Occurring

The hammerhead ribozyme is the smallest naturally occurring RNA endonuclease. It is found in subviral plant pathogens and transcripts of satellite DNA from a limited number of organisms. We have performed a database search for novel examples of this catalytic RNA, taking into consideration the recently defined structural requirements for an efficient cleavage under physiological magnesium ion concentrations. In this search, we find, apart from the known examples, several hundreds of motifs in organisms of all kingdoms of life. In a first set of experiments, we analysed hammerhead ribozymes from Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that these sequences are tissue-specifically expressed and that they undergo self-cleavage in planta. Furthermore, their activity under physiological magnesium ion concentrations depends on functional loop–loop interactions, as shown by the lack of activity of appropriate mutants.

Establish the Individual Learning Space and Create the Wisdom Learning Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
Learning Space ◽  
Personal Learning ◽  
Students First ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Students’ first-hand experience in intelligent learning, such as discovery, conception, selection, induction, evaluation, etc., is the prerequisite for students to achieve intellectual development. Due to the differences in learners’ cognitive basis and learning styles, students’ learning processes are inevitably personalized and dynamic. Building a personal learning space and establish an intelligent learning context for students is the key to ensuring students go through the learning process smoothly. The personal learning space meets the requirements for dynamic learning paths, resourceful teaching supplies, intelligent learning management, and other intelligent conditions. This article analyzed the structure and function of personal learning space to explore’ intelligent learning further.

Cytokines and other mediators

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Marina Frleta-Gilchrist ◽  
Iain B. McInnes
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Cytokine-mediated pathways are pivotal to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since their discovery, cytokine biology has changed the way we understand pathogenetic inflammatory processes, leading to the creation of novel biologic treatments, and transforming patient outcomes. This chapter will elucidate the structure and function of key cytokines that drive autoimmune, inflammatory processes in different stages of RA. In particular, we will describe individual and combinatorial roles of cytokines in adaptive and innate immune cells that promote disease. We will focus especially on critical regulators of RA pathogenesis, such as TNFα‎ and IL-6. Pleotropic effects of cytokines stretch far beyond immune dysregulation, thus precipitating multiple RA comorbidities. Deciphering the individual and combinatorial roles of cytokines is essential to a holistic understanding of RA pathogenesis, in turn, promising to lead to further meaningful clinical and therapeutic discovery.

Clinical Biomechanics: Contributions to the Medical Treatment of Physical Abnormalities

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hamill ◽  
George Gorton ◽  
Peter Masso
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Diverse Field ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Biomechanics is defined as the application of the laws of mechanics to the study or structure and function of movement. It is a relatively new subdiscipline to the domain of kinesiology. Biomechanics was initially closely associated with the study of sports technique. However, over the years, biomechanics has taken on a much more diverse field of study. In this paper, we will describe the contributions that biomechanics has made to the area of clinical biomechanics research in terms of clinical assessment and outcomes and the design of clinical apparatus. The first example examines a clinical assessment of a cerebral palsy child. The goals of such a clinical assessment are 1) to determine the primary problems with the locomotion capabilities of the individual, 2) to recommend treatment options, and 3) to evaluate treatment outcomes. In the second example, a procedure is described for designing braces for scoliosis patients. For this example, a three-dimensional digital twin is developed using a scanning technique. This example illustrates the research conducted on developing a technique to noninvasively and safely determine the torso deformities resulting from scoliosis. While these examples are but two of a wide variety of examples that could be used, they illustrate the contribution of biomechanics to the clinical world.

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