Tick infestation of livestock and tick control methods in Brazil: A situation report

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 629-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Control Methods

scholarly journals Tick incidence in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mildred Cortés ◽  
Alberto Pantoja ◽  
Wilfredo Robles ◽  
José Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Average Annual Cost

Incidence of tick infestation in Puerto Rico was evaluated, as well as control mechanisms, and economic losses due to ticks in dairy herds. Data were obtained by means of questionnaire information from 261 dairy herds representing 85% of all dairies in Puerto Rico. Seventy-one percent of those interviewed confirmed tick infestation in their herds. To control tick infestation 97% used fumigation of animals; 8%, fumigation of structures. The most common method used for pesticide application (73%) was by fumigating animals in chutes by using a pump. Tick incidence was 72% in dry cows and 54% in milk cows. Poisson regression analysis showed no significant differences in mortality rates between the northeast and northwest zones of the island. Differences were found among municipalities. The average annual cost of the tick control program that farmers maintained was $28.09 per cow but mortality losses are much more costly.

An Overview of Hard and Soft Ticks and Their Control Methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-194
Author(s):  
Charles Muleke Inyagwa ◽  
Frederick Ojiambo Obonyo ◽  
Donald Lubembe Mukolwe ◽  
Eric O. Mungube
Keyword(s):  
Tick Control ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Hard Ticks ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Unconventional Methods

Ticks are important ectoparasites of livestock in tropical and sub-tropical countries. They are responsible for the enormous economic losses both through the direct effects of blood sucking and indirectly as vectors of disease pathogens and toxins. Morphologically, ticks are classified into two families known as Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Argasidae (soft ticks). In this chapter, the authors provide a description of the soft and hard ticks. Emphasis is laid on the genera morphology, species, mammalian hosts, and distribution and the diseases transmitted by the ticks species. Various methods for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases using chemicals are described. A broad range of chemical acaricides used for the control of ticks on livestock are described. Conventional methods and unconventional methods for applying acaricides to protect livestock against ticks are described. Alternative methods for tick control are described. Only the most important hard and soft ticks and associated diseases are discussed within the limits of this review.

Availability and Nature of Commercial Tick Control Services in Three Lyme Disease Endemic States

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Jordan ◽  
Terry L Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Potential Client ◽  
Residential Properties

Abstract In an update of earlier surveys conducted in Connecticut and New Jersey in the mid-1990s, an online survey of private commercial pest control firms engaged in residential tick control showed that the application of synthetic acaricides continues to be the primary method of control used. The carbamate and organophospate acaricides, previously the most commonly used against ticks, have given way to synthetic pyrethroids and, to a lesser extent, the use of natural product/organic acaricides. Typical costs for a single acaricide application today ($100–$200 for a 1 acre [0.4 ha] property) remain similar to those reported from the earlier surveys, although the frequency of applications and, therefore, also the overall annual cost has increased. The application habitats within residential properties, life stages targeted, and application equipment used have not changed appreciably since the mid-1990s. While most survey respondents expressed knowledge of natural product acaricides and Damminix Tick Tubes, many reported that they either did not employ or knew very little about other alternative tick control methods (including entomopathogenic fungus and topical application of acaricides to tick hosts via 4-Poster deer treatment stations or Select TCS rodent bait boxes). This suggests either a failure to adequately inform the pest management industry and their potential client base of the availability of alternate methods, and/or industry concerns about cost and effectiveness of the alternatives.

Selection of cattle for tick resistance, and the effect of herds of different susceptibility on Boophilus populations

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
In Parenthesis ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Selection Of

Weekly counts of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) on 30 Australian Illawarra Shorthorn heifers enabled the cattle to be ranked in order of tick infestation, with highly significant correlations between counts of two observers and between counts of one observer on different occasions. In May 1960, when the heifers were 1½–2 years old, 12 were selected as relatively tick-resistant and 12 as relatively tick-susceptible. Each of these groups was divided at random into herds of six, and the four herds were then allotted randomly to separate paddocks, each onequarter of the area previously grazed. A herd was sprayed with 0.5% DDT emulsion when its average count of ticks (adult females over 5 mm in length) on one side of the animals exceeded 40. During the ensuing tick season, from October 5, 1960, to June 7, 1961, the sums of average weekly tick counts, and the numbers of sprayings (in parenthesis) were: susceptible herds 4853 (5) and 5962 (6): resistant herds 718 (0) and 1073 (1). Counts of tick larvae on defined body areas showed that, in the summer after segregation, resistant herds carried fewer larvae than the susceptible herds, apparently because fewer mature ticks fell from the resistant cattle in the preceding spring and winter. As a consequence of this, counts of adult ticks were comparatively lower after than before segregation. There was little or no 'spring rise' of tick infestation on the resistant herds. There was no significant correlation between tick resistance and coat score, sweat gland dimensions, or total skin thickness, but a correlation of -0.53 with follicle depth was significant at the 1% level. There was no evidence of adaptation of cattle ticks to the resistant animals, either in the field experiment or in observations on stalled cattle. The experiment draws attention to the appreciable proportion of tick-resistant animals within the Australian Illawarra Shorthorn breed, which has largely been overlooked in past discussions on tick-resistant breeds of cattle. It also suggests a technique for estimating the improvement in tick control that may be obtained by a given degree of selection within any breed, for any given environment.

The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

scholarly journals BURDEN, SEASONALITY, SEX RATIO AND PREFERRED SITES OF TICKS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE ON CATTLE FOUND AT AMANSEA, ANAMBRA STATE NIGERIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Ikpeze ◽  
Eneanya C.I. ◽  
Onyido
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Cattle from arid north which graze at Amansea in southern Nigeria were thought to introduceticks in the new area. Burden, seasonality, sex ratio and preferred sites of ticks on cattle were studied in late wet season of 2012 and early dry season of 2013 at Amansea. Cattle (n=200) were randomly selected and examined both visually and manualy for tick infestation. Genera Amblyomma, Boophilus, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species constituted 69.6; 11.9; 13.8 and 7 percentagesof all ticks encountered, at 2.87 ticks per infested cattle.  Wet and dry seasons accounted for 68% and 32% of the ticks, generally in ratio of 1.9♂:1♀. Preferred sites were in descending order of magnitude; scrotum\udder, tail, back, fore leg, neck, ear, dewlap, groin, head (face), brisket, belly, shoulder, side, hind leg and escutcheon (χ2=175.8472, df =42, P<0.01). Potential tick-bites areas which abound in Amansea are risk factors fortick-borne diseases (TBD) known to be transmitted by ticks in West Africa. Results from this study will create public awareness on TBD and may be useful in evidence-based policy decisions on restriction of cattle movement, tick control and surveillance of TBD in the area.

scholarly journals Immunoprotection evaluation of the recombinant N-terminal domain of Cys-loop receptors against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation

Parasite ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Moisés Martínez Velázquez ◽  
Carla Patricia Barragán Álvarez ◽  
José Miguel Flores Fernández ◽  
Rodolfo Esteban Lagunes Quintanilla ◽  
Edgar Castro Saines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Immunological Protection ◽  
Egg Fertility

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle and act as vectors for disease-causing microorganisms. Conventional tick control is based on the application of chemical acaricides; however, their uncontrolled use has increased resistant tick populations, as well as food and environmental contamination. Alternative immunological tick control has shown to be partially effective. Therefore, there is a need to characterize novel antigens in order to improve immunological protection. The aim of this work was to evaluate Cys-loop receptors as vaccine candidates. N-terminal domains of a glutamate receptor and of a glycine-like receptor were recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli. Groups of BALB/c mice were independently immunized with four doses of each recombinant protein emulsified with Freund’s adjuvant. Both vaccine candidates were immunogenic in mice as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Next, recombinant proteins were independently formulated with the adjuvant Montanide ISA 50 V2 and evaluated in cattle infested with Rhipicephalus microplus tick larvae. Groups of three European crossbred calves were immunized with three doses of each adjuvanted protein. ELISA test was used to evaluate the IgG immune response elicited against the recombinant proteins. Results showed that vaccine candidates generated a moderate humoral response on vaccinated cattle. Vaccination significantly affected the number of engorged adult female ticks, having no significant effects on tick weight, egg weight and egg fertility values. Vaccine efficacies of 33% and 25% were calculated for the glutamate receptor and the glycine-like receptor, respectively.

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