VADAF: Visualization for Abnormal Client Detection and Analysis in Federated Learning

Federated Learning (FL) provides a powerful solution to distributed machine learning on a large corpus of decentralized data. It ensures privacy and security by performing computation on devices (which we refer to as clients) based on local data to improve the shared global model. However, the inaccessibility of the data and the invisibility of the computation make it challenging to interpret and analyze the training process, especially to distinguish potential client anomalies. Identifying these anomalies can help experts diagnose and improve FL models. For this reason, we propose a visual analytics system, VADAF, to depict the training dynamics and facilitate analyzing potential client anomalies. Specifically, we design a visualization scheme that supports massive training dynamics in the FL environment. Moreover, we introduce an anomaly detection method to detect potential client anomalies, which are further analyzed based on both the client model’s visual and objective estimation. Three case studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of our system in understanding the FL training process and supporting abnormal client detection and analysis.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHARING ECONOMY AS A NEW FORM OF CONSUMER COOPERATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION

The modern economy is going through a series of changes that relate to digital technologies. This was reflected, for example, in the fact that almost every commercial company has its own Internet site, with the help of which the company informs its potential client. It is believed that in our time mobility prevails, and therefore it becomes less and less profitable and inconvenient to have a large amount of private property. Consumer cooperation as a sharing economy is an alternative, non-standard form of doing business. Consumer cooperation relies on shareholders, and the digital sharing economy relies on its consumers, namely, used goods that are transferred (temporarily or permanently) from one consumer who no longer needs them to another who needs them. Thus, the sharing economy, like consumer cooperation, is flexible enough and can cover several areas of economic activity. Consumer cooperatives can be: production, transport, etc. Almost everything can be consumed together with the help of sharing: transport, housing, etc. These forms may well replace traditional business.

РАЗРАБОТКА СКОРИНГОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ КРЕДИТНОГО РИСКА

Исследовалась кредитоспособность заемщиков на основе клиентской базы банка. Было сформировано факторное пространство, позволяющее формализовать и объяснить различия между классами прежних заемщиков. Выявлены факторы, вносящие наибольший вклад в различение классов. В результате проведения дискриминантного анализа разработана скоринговая модель оценки кредитного риска, позволяющая адекватно и быстро оценить кредитоспособность потенциального клиента банка, что способствует росту конкурентоспособности на рынке кредитования. The creditworthiness of borrowers was investigated on the basis of the bank's client base. A factor space was formed to formalize and explain the differences between the classes of former borrowers. The factors that make the greatest contribution to the differentiation of classes are revealed. As a result of the discriminant analysis, a scoring model for assessing credit risk was developed, which makes it possible to adequately and quickly assess the creditworthiness of a potential client of the bank, which contributes to the growth of competitiveness in the lending market.

Organizational transformation with intelligent automation: Case Nokia Software

Nokia Software is spearheading the development of artificial intelligence solutions in the field of telecommunications. The company aims to seize the opportunities of 5G networks with its Telco AI: a powerful artificial intelligence tool for telecom operators that allows a simultaneous optimization of network services and the business behind it. As Nokia Software’s Mikko Laine is presenting the solution to a potential client, the latter one brings up potentially significant concerns with Telco AI that Laine has not fully thought through: how to execute an organizational transformation to fully exploit Telco AI’s capabilities, and how to prevent skill deterioration and losing control over the process to the intelligent automation.

Frame approach to motivation of proper nouns

The author argues for frame approach to the analysis of proper names. It relies on the action-based conception of language, according to which meaning of words is formed in communication on the ground of subjective representations of entities of objective reality. Within this approach, both linguistic and encyclopedic knowledge are taken under account. Therefore, it is important to consider all set of perceptions and ideas an individual has about a referent. The nominator selects a name based on a specific motivation that sometimes remains vague for a recipient. 'Internal form' of the word relies on a range of different features that the nominator ascribes to a respective object. Originally, proper nouns also have a transparent motivation, which is clear for a nominator. This motivation depicts relevant features of an object of nomination. From perspective of this theoretical model, the author has analyzed motivation of Ukrainian business names that allowed defining the structure of the business activity frame that is activated in the process of companies and organizations naming. The main slots of this frame include 1) object of an activity; 2) recipient of an activity, i.e. a potential client or a partner; 3) addresser, i.e. an actor, an agent who produces something or delivers services; 4) place of activity in a broad sense, including type of premises and geographical location; 5) organizational form. There are additional slots of the frame that are integrated into slots of an addresser and a recipient – 6) evaluation and values (pragma-axiological motivation), and 7) individual and collective symbols (symbolical motivation). The last two slots are based on an intensional meaning of motivators. The frame highlights stereotype understanding of the situation of interpersonal interaction in public and economic sphere.

China in the Global Market of Higher Education Services

The article intends to refer to China as to an outstanding example of dynamic development. The Chinese Republic is now perceived almost exclusively as a country that has been highly successful in implementing market reforms. This helps to define the reasons and essence of the successful measures taken in China, which have provided powerful dynamic processes, including in the field of higher education. The paper proceeds to the description of quite competitive global markets for educational services, where the service providers have found ways to retain each potential client through practicing individual approach, when it is necessary to attract and engage prospective students to the bachelor’s, master’s and postgraduate programs. The main objectives of any university are described in the article, They include not only informing public about the offered educational programs and training opportunities, but also promoting their educational services in the domestic and international markets.

Building A Biofoundry

A biofoundry provides automation and analytics infrastructure to support the engineering of biological systems. It allows scientists to perform synthetic biology and aligned experimentation on a high-throughput scale, massively increasing the solution space that can be examined for any given problem or question. However, establishing a biofoundry is a challenging undertaking, with numerous technical and operational considerations that must be addressed. Using collated learnings, here we outline several considerations that should be addressed prior to and during establishment. These include drivers for establishment, institutional models, funding and revenue models, personnel, hardware and software, data management, interoperability, client engagement, and biosecurity issues. The high cost of establishment and operation means that developing a long-term business model for biofoundry sustainability in the context of funding frameworks, actual and potential client base, and costing structure is critical. Moreover, since biofoundries are leading a conceptual shift in experimental design for bioengineering, sustained outreach and engagement with the research community is needed to grow the client base. Recognition of the significant, long-term financial investment required and an understanding of the complexities of operationalization is critical for a sustainable biofoundry venture. To ensure state-of-the-art technology is integrated into planning, extensive engagement with existing facilities and community groups, such as the Global Biofoundries Alliance, is recommended.

Development of the life cycle of the organization: aspects of management

Рассмотрены подходы к управлению жизненным циклом организации, обоснована возможность применения инструментов организационного развития. Приведена систематизация особенностей каждого из этапов развития организации. В частности, для стадии формирования организации важно определение видов и целей деятельности путем выяснения представлений о потребностях потенциального клиента. Уровень роста и зрелости организации отличается ориентацией на расширение круга потребителей, а также формирование собственного имиджа. Проблемы, возникающие перед организацией, достигшей зрелости, носят преимущественно внутренний характер. Этап спада – самый сложный и решающий этап существования организации. Если организации удается преодолеть кризисные явления, она может пройти несколько циклов своего развития. possibility of using organizational development tools is substantiated. The systematization of the features of each of the stages of development of the organization is given. In particular, for the stage of forming an organization, it is important to determine the types and goals of activities by clarifying ideas about the needs of a potential client. The level of growth and maturity of the organization is characterized by an orientation towards expanding the circle of consumers, as well as the formation of its own image. The problems facing an organization that has reached maturity are predominantly internal in nature. The recession phase is the most difficult and decisive stage in an organization's existence. If the organization manages to overcome the crisis phenomena, it can go through several cycles of its development

How We Really Learn to Do Therapy

In How We Really Learn to Do Therapy, the authors address how despite years of intensive study in graduate programs to practice mental health and thousands of hours of supervised practice, the greatest teachers are of then the clients. There are numerous holes in graduate education and training. Graduate training is highly structured, but a client’s journey in therapy may be far from a structured, organized process. Moreover, standards of training may cause more divisiveness on who is qualified to treat as opposed to applying any benefit to the potential clients. The client’s story and experience are far more beneficial to addressing rather than the clinician’s own training and experience. No amount of training will ever be enough for every potential client or every potential problem. The answers lie not in facts or truths but in the extent to which clients feel understood.