Immunoprotection evaluation of the recombinant N-terminal domain of Cys-loop receptors against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks are obligatory hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle and act as vectors for disease-causing microorganisms. Conventional tick control is based on the application of chemical acaricides; however, their uncontrolled use has increased resistant tick populations, as well as food and environmental contamination. Alternative immunological tick control has shown to be partially effective. Therefore, there is a need to characterize novel antigens in order to improve immunological protection. The aim of this work was to evaluate Cys-loop receptors as vaccine candidates. N-terminal domains of a glutamate receptor and of a glycine-like receptor were recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli. Groups of BALB/c mice were independently immunized with four doses of each recombinant protein emulsified with Freund’s adjuvant. Both vaccine candidates were immunogenic in mice as demonstrated by western blot analysis. Next, recombinant proteins were independently formulated with the adjuvant Montanide ISA 50 V2 and evaluated in cattle infested with Rhipicephalus microplus tick larvae. Groups of three European crossbred calves were immunized with three doses of each adjuvanted protein. ELISA test was used to evaluate the IgG immune response elicited against the recombinant proteins. Results showed that vaccine candidates generated a moderate humoral response on vaccinated cattle. Vaccination significantly affected the number of engorged adult female ticks, having no significant effects on tick weight, egg weight and egg fertility values. Vaccine efficacies of 33% and 25% were calculated for the glutamate receptor and the glycine-like receptor, respectively.

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Selection of cattle for tick resistance, and the effect of herds of different susceptibility on Boophilus populations

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9620974 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 974 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

PR Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Tick Infestation ◽

Tick Control ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Skin Thickness ◽

Adult Females ◽

Cattle Ticks ◽

In Parenthesis ◽

Tick Counts ◽

Tick Resistance ◽

Selection Of

Weekly counts of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) on 30 Australian Illawarra Shorthorn heifers enabled the cattle to be ranked in order of tick infestation, with highly significant correlations between counts of two observers and between counts of one observer on different occasions. In May 1960, when the heifers were 1½–2 years old, 12 were selected as relatively tick-resistant and 12 as relatively tick-susceptible. Each of these groups was divided at random into herds of six, and the four herds were then allotted randomly to separate paddocks, each onequarter of the area previously grazed. A herd was sprayed with 0.5% DDT emulsion when its average count of ticks (adult females over 5 mm in length) on one side of the animals exceeded 40. During the ensuing tick season, from October 5, 1960, to June 7, 1961, the sums of average weekly tick counts, and the numbers of sprayings (in parenthesis) were: susceptible herds 4853 (5) and 5962 (6): resistant herds 718 (0) and 1073 (1). Counts of tick larvae on defined body areas showed that, in the summer after segregation, resistant herds carried fewer larvae than the susceptible herds, apparently because fewer mature ticks fell from the resistant cattle in the preceding spring and winter. As a consequence of this, counts of adult ticks were comparatively lower after than before segregation. There was little or no 'spring rise' of tick infestation on the resistant herds. There was no significant correlation between tick resistance and coat score, sweat gland dimensions, or total skin thickness, but a correlation of -0.53 with follicle depth was significant at the 1% level. There was no evidence of adaptation of cattle ticks to the resistant animals, either in the field experiment or in observations on stalled cattle. The experiment draws attention to the appreciable proportion of tick-resistant animals within the Australian Illawarra Shorthorn breed, which has largely been overlooked in past discussions on tick-resistant breeds of cattle. It also suggests a technique for estimating the improvement in tick control that may be obtained by a given degree of selection within any breed, for any given environment.

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The spelling of pasture in cattle tick control

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9570414 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 414 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

PR Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Field Trial ◽

Tick Infestation ◽

Tick Control ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Cattle Tick Control

When two comparable herds of cattle were kept continuously in adjoining paddocks, frequent acaricidal treatment was necessary to control ticks (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) ). Thereafter, one of the two herds was grazed alternately in its own and an adjacent paddock, the intervals between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unoccupied paddock had died. Tick infestations on this herd were greatly reduced, and less frequent use of acaricides was necessary. The herd remaining in the continuously stocked pasture continued to need acaricidal treatment for recurring tick infestation. In a field trial with 350–400 cattle moved a t intervals to each of three formerly heavily infested paddocks, tick infestations remained very light, although the herd was dipped only In January, September, and the following January. A control herd on continuously stocked pasture, treated at the owner's discretion, required eight dippings in this period. This procedure of "pasture spelling" seems likely to be widely applicable in central Queensland.

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A comparison of cattle tick control by "conventional" acaricidal treatment, planned dipping, and pasture spelling

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9640841 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 841 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

KLS Harley ◽

PR Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Tick Infestation ◽

Tick Control ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Larval Population ◽

Tropical Area ◽

The Right ◽

Tick Burden ◽

Cattle Tick Control

Three comparable herds of cattle were grazed in a wet tropical area of north Queensland for the comparison of control measures against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The cattle tick infestation of one herd was controlled by simulated "conventional" methods, the cattle receiving acaricidal treatment when the count of "standard" ticks (0.5 cm or more in length) on the right side averaged 20 or more per animal. The tick infestation of the second herd was controlled by dipping in acaricide at 21-day intervals, so that few of the tick larvae attaching to the cattle between dippings reached maturity. This was continued until the larval population in the pasture was greatly depleted. The procedure, for which the term planned dipping has been proposed, was repeated when the count of standard ticks on the right side averaged more than 20 per animal. The tick infestation of the third herd was controlled by grazing alternately in two adjacent paddocks, the interval between each transfer being sufficient to ensure that most of the ticks in the unstocked paddock had died. Acaricidal treatment was applied at times of paddock changes and also at other times if the tick count was more than 20 per animal. This procedure is known as pasture spelling. Over the 2 years of the experiment, planned dipping and pasture spelling resulted in increased efficiency in tick control. In comparison with the herd given conventional tick control, planned dipping resulted in no reduction in the number of acaricidal treatments, but the tick burden was reduced by 79%. Pasture spelling resulted in the number of acaricidal treatments being reduced by 60% and the tick burden by 64%.

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Tick incidence in Puerto Rico

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v89i1-2.1069 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 89 (1-2) ◽

pp. 59-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mildred Cortés ◽

Alberto Pantoja ◽

Wilfredo Robles ◽

José Pantoja

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Tick Infestation ◽

Control Program ◽

Tick Control ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

Pesticide Application ◽

Milk Cows ◽

Average Annual Cost

Incidence of tick infestation in Puerto Rico was evaluated, as well as control mechanisms, and economic losses due to ticks in dairy herds. Data were obtained by means of questionnaire information from 261 dairy herds representing 85% of all dairies in Puerto Rico. Seventy-one percent of those interviewed confirmed tick infestation in their herds. To control tick infestation 97% used fumigation of animals; 8%, fumigation of structures. The most common method used for pesticide application (73%) was by fumigating animals in chutes by using a pump. Tick incidence was 72% in dry cows and 54% in milk cows. Poisson regression analysis showed no significant differences in mortality rates between the northeast and northwest zones of the island. Differences were found among municipalities. The average annual cost of the tick control program that farmers maintained was $28.09 per cow but mortality losses are much more costly.

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Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of Nemuaron vieillardii Essential Oil against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1601101235 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1601101

Author(s):

Nicolas Lebouvier ◽

Thomas Hue ◽

Joseph Brophy ◽

Edouard Hnawia ◽

Mohammed Nour

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Tick Control ◽

Acaricidal Activity ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Caryophyllene Oxide ◽

Human Carcinogen

Essential oil from leaves of Nemuaron vieillardii (Baill.) Baill., a shrub used in the kanak pharmacopeia, was analyzed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds identified were safrole (49.7%), linalool (8.0%), δ-cadinene (5.1%), caryophyllene oxide (4%) and α-copaene (2.4%). This chemical composition is consistent with leaf oils of the Atherospermataceae family and demonstrates the proximity of the two genera Nemuaron and Atherosperma as regards to their essential oil compositions. The modified Larval Packet Test (LPT) was used to assess acaricidal effect of N. vieillardii essential oil on larvae of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and LC50 was then calculated to 14.67%. High content of safrole in this oil which is suspected of being a human carcinogen, poses the problem of the use of this oil in a perspective of development of alternative tick control strategy and in the traditional medicinal consumption of Nemuaron vieillardii.

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Conjugating recombinant proteins to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoProtein A: A strategy for enhancing immunogenicity of malaria vaccine candidates

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.073 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (20) ◽

pp. 3923-3933 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Feng Qian ◽

Yimin Wu ◽

Olga Muratova ◽

Hong Zhou ◽

Gelu Dobrescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Recombinant Proteins ◽

Malaria Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Candidates

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A ten-year review of commercial vaccine performance for control of tick infestations on cattle

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252307001193 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 23-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 207

Author(s):

José de la Fuente ◽

Consuelo Almazán ◽

Mario Canales ◽

José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra ◽

Katherine M. Kocan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Control Method ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Tick Control ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Antigen Discovery ◽

Tick Vaccine ◽

Latin American Countries ◽

Selection Of

AbstractTicks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.

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Risk factors associated prevalence of hard tick in large ruminants of coastal areas of South Gujarat, India

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-3683 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Dharmesh C. Patel ◽

Jayesh B. Solanki ◽

Niranjan Kumar

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Condition ◽

Prevalence Rate ◽

Tick Infestation ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Hard Tick ◽

Indigenous Cattle ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Group Feeding ◽

Large Animals

A total of 2617 large animals (1682 cattle and 935 buffaloes) of coastal districts (Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad) of South Gujarat were screened for tick infestation. The tick’s prevalence rate was (p less than 0.05) significantly higher in cross-breed (44.81%) as compared to indigenous cattle (22.93%)/ buffaloes (32.26%). Prevalence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Hyalomma spp., Haemaphysalis spp. and mixed tick infestation was 57.80, 13.05, 20.32 and 8.83%, respectively. Infestation rate in large animals of less than 3 years had increased up to the level of 78.28%. Animals with poor body condition/ anaemia, kept in loose house (80.53%) and allowed group feeding (70.56%) had noted higher (p less than 0.05) prevalence rate of tick. Prevalence was highest in summer (41.84%) followed by rainy (40.65%) and winter (17.50%) season. It is quite demanding to know the area-wise prevalence of the hard ticks infecting animals.

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