scholarly journals Correction to Fluorine Mass Balance and Suspect Screening in Marine Mammals from the Northern Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyra M. Spaan ◽  
Carmen van Noordenburg ◽  
Merle M. Plassmann ◽  
Lara Schultes ◽  
Susan Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Suspect Screening

scholarly journals Fluorine Mass Balance and Suspect Screening in Marine Mammals from the Northern Hemisphere

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 4046-4058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyra M. Spaan ◽  
Carmen van Noordenburg ◽  
Merle M. Plassmann ◽  
Lara Schultes ◽  
Susan Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Suspect Screening

scholarly journals Fluorine Mass Balance and Suspect Screening in Marine Mammals from the Northern Hemisphere

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyra Spaan ◽  
Carmen van Noordenburg ◽  
Merle Plassmann ◽  
Lara Schultes ◽  
Susan D. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Suspect Screening ◽  
Targeted Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Fluorine Determination ◽  
Us West

There is increasing evidence that the ~20 routinely monitored per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) account for only a fraction of extractable organofluorine (EOF) occurring in the environment. To assess whether PFAS exposure is being underestimated in marine mammals from the Northern Hemisphere, we performed a fluorine mass balance on liver tissues from 11 different species using a combination of targeted PFAS analysis, EOF and total fluorine determination, and suspect screening. Samples were obtained from the east coast United States (US), west and east coast of Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden from 2000-2017. Of the 36 target PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) dominated in all but one Icelandic and three US samples, where the 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (7:3 FTCA) was prevalent. This is the first report of 7:3 FTCA in polar bears (~1000 ng/g, ww) and cetaceans (<6-190 ng/g, ww). In 18 out of 25 samples, EOF was not significantly greater than fluorine concentrations derived from sum target PFASs. For the remaining 7 samples (mostly from the US east coast), 30-75% of the EOF was unidentified. Suspect screening revealed an additional 33 PFASs (not included in the targeted analysis) bringing the total to 59 detected PFASs from 12 different classes. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a multi-platform approach for accurately characterizing PFAS exposure in marine mammals.

scholarly journals Fluorine Mass Balance and Suspect Screening in Marine Mammals from the Northern Hemisphere

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyra Spaan ◽  
Carmen van Noordenburg ◽  
Merle Plassmann ◽  
Lara Schultes ◽  
Susan D. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Suspect Screening ◽  
Targeted Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Fluorine Determination ◽  
Us West

There is increasing evidence that the ~20 routinely monitored per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) account for only a fraction of extractable organofluorine (EOF) occurring in the environment. To assess whether PFAS exposure is being underestimated in marine mammals from the Northern Hemisphere, we performed a fluorine mass balance on liver tissues from 11 different species using a combination of targeted PFAS analysis, EOF and total fluorine determination, and suspect screening. Samples were obtained from the east coast United States (US), west and east coast of Greenland, Iceland, and Sweden from 2000-2017. Of the 36 target PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) dominated in all but one Icelandic and three US samples, where the 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (7:3 FTCA) was prevalent. This is the first report of 7:3 FTCA in polar bears (~1000 ng/g, ww) and cetaceans (<6-190 ng/g, ww). In 18 out of 25 samples, EOF was not significantly greater than fluorine concentrations derived from sum target PFASs. For the remaining 7 samples (mostly from the US east coast), 30-75% of the EOF was unidentified. Suspect screening revealed an additional 33 PFASs (not included in the targeted analysis) bringing the total to 59 detected PFASs from 12 different classes. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a multi-platform approach for accurately characterizing PFAS exposure in marine mammals.

scholarly journals Analysis of the surface mass balance for deglacial climate simulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1131-1156
Author(s):  
Marie-Luise Kapsch ◽  
Uwe Mikolajewicz ◽  
Florian A. Ziemen ◽  
Christian B. Rodehacke ◽  
Clemens Schannwell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Equilibrium Line Altitude ◽  
Surface Mass

Abstract. A realistic simulation of the surface mass balance (SMB) is essential for simulating past and future ice-sheet changes. As most state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) are not capable of realistically representing processes determining the SMB, most studies of the SMB are limited to observations and regional climate models and cover the last century and near future only. Using transient simulations with the Max Planck Institute ESM in combination with an energy balance model (EBM), we extend previous research and study changes in the SMB and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) for the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets throughout the last deglaciation. The EBM is used to calculate and downscale the SMB onto a higher spatial resolution than the native ESM grid and allows for the resolution of SMB variations due to topographic gradients not resolved by the ESM. An evaluation for historical climate conditions (1980–2010) shows that derived SMBs compare well with SMBs from regional modeling. Throughout the deglaciation, changes in insolation dominate the Greenland SMB. The increase in insolation and associated warming early in the deglaciation result in an ELA and SMB increase. The SMB increase is caused by compensating effects of melt and accumulation: the warming of the atmosphere leads to an increase in melt at low elevations along the ice-sheet margins, while it results in an increase in accumulation at higher levels as a warmer atmosphere precipitates more. After 13 ka, the increase in melt begins to dominate, and the SMB decreases. The decline in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation after 9 ka leads to an increasing SMB and decreasing ELA. Superimposed on these long-term changes are centennial-scale episodes of abrupt SMB and ELA decreases related to slowdowns of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) that lead to a cooling over most of the Northern Hemisphere.

Prey consumption estimates for salmon sharks

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn A. Manishin ◽  
Kenneth J. Goldman ◽  
Margaret Short ◽  
Curry J. Cunningham ◽  
Peter A. H. Westley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Balance Technique

Top predators, such as salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis), can influence the abundance and population structure of organisms at lower trophic levels through direct effects, such as predation mortality, and indirect interactions. As a first step towards better understanding the average annual prey consumption for individual adult salmon sharks, we bracketed consumption estimates using three methods: (1) daily ration requirement; (2) bioenergetic mass balance; and (3) a Bayesian model of shark growth. In the first method, we applied ration estimates for related lamnid shark species that yielded salmon shark estimates of 1461 and 2202kgyear–1. The second method used a mass–balance technique to incorporate life history information from salmon sharks and physiological parameters from other species and produced estimates of 1870, 2070, 1610 and 1762kgyear–1, depending on assumed diet. Growth modelling used salmon shark growth histories and yielded estimates of 16900 or 20800kgyear–1, depending on assumed assimilation efficiency. Of the consumption estimates, those from the mass–balance technique may be the most realistic because they incorporated salmon shark life history data and do not produce extreme values. Taken as a whole, these estimates suggest that salmon sharks have similar energetic requirements to piscivorous marine mammals.

Modelling changes in the mass balance of glaciers of the northern hemisphere for a transient 2×CO2 scenario

2003 ◽  
Vol 282 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 145-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schneeberger ◽  
Heinz Blatter ◽  
Ayako Abe-Ouchi ◽  
Martin Wild
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere

Northern hemisphere teleconnection indices and the mass balance of Svalbard glaciers

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Washington ◽  
Andrew Hodson ◽  
Elisabeth Isaksson ◽  
Oliver Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Teleconnection Indices

scholarly journals Thin ice, deep snow and surface flooding in Kotzebue Sound: landfast ice mass balance during two anomalously warm winters and implications for marine mammals and subsistence hunting

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Mahoney ◽  
Kate E. Turner ◽  
Donna D. W. Hauser ◽  
Nathan J. M. Laxague ◽  
Jessica M. Lindsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Subsistence Hunting ◽  
Ice Growth ◽  
Landfast Ice ◽  
Ice Mass Balance ◽  
Kotzebue Sound

Abstract The inaugural data from the first systematic program of sea-ice observations in Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, in 2018 coincided with the first winter in living memory when the Sound was not choked with ice. The following winter of 2018–19 was even warmer and characterized by even less ice. Here we discuss the mass balance of landfast ice near Kotzebue (Qikiqtaġruk) during these two anomalously warm winters. We use in situ observations and a 1-D thermodynamic model to address three research questions developed in partnership with an Indigenous Advisory Council. In doing so, we improve our understanding of connections between landfast ice mass balance, marine mammals and subsistence hunting. Specifically, we show: (i) ice growth stopped unusually early due to strong vertical ocean heat flux, which also likely contributed to early start to bearded seal hunting; (ii) unusually thin ice contributed to widespread surface flooding. The associated snow ice formation partly offset the reduced ice growth, but the flooding likely had a negative impact on ringed seal habitat; (iii) sea ice near Kotzebue during the winters of 2017–18 and 2018–19 was likely the thinnest since at least 1945, driven by a combination of warm air temperatures and a persistent ocean heat flux.

scholarly journals Climatological and Photogrammetric Speculations on Mass-balance Changes of McCall, Glacier, Brooks Range, Alaska

1976 ◽  
Vol 17 (77) ◽  
pp. 479-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egon Dorrer ◽  
Gerd Wendler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Equilibrium Line ◽  
Brooks Range ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
The Mean

The mean mass balance of the McCall Glacier, Brooks Range, Alaska, was estimated for the period 1958 to 1971. The three methods used, photogrammetry, mean height of the equilibrium line, and correlation with the height of the synoptic 500 mbar pressure level, all gave negative values, but the amount depended on the method used. This trend of glacier recession is in agreement with most observations of glaciers in the Brooks Range as well as with the majority of the glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere.

scholarly journals The waxing and waning of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Marsiat
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Glacial Cycle ◽  
Ice Volume

Past modelling studies have shown that the energy balance of the ice-sheet surface is of primary importance in representing the 100 000 year glacial cycle. In particular, modelling of the net mass-balance function is an important part of coupled ice-sheet/climate models. We conduct a series of palaeoclimatic simulations with a vertically integrated ice-flow model coupled to the two-dimensional statistical-dynamical LLN (Louvain-la-Neuve) climate model. The models are coupled through a land-surface model which computes seasonal cycles of surface temperature and precipitation at the real altitude of the surface and evaluates the annual snow and/or ice-mass budget. The present-day climate of the Northern Hemisphere, the Greenland mass balance and the snowfield characteristics are quite well represented despite the relative simplicity of the model. Total ice-volume and sea-level variations during the last glacial cycle are well simulated. This suggests that the physical mechanisms included in the models are sufficient to explain the most striking features of the ice-age cycle. Introducing an improved and more detailed topography improves the simulation of the total ice volume but fails to correct inadequacies in the simulated ice distribution on the surface of the Earth.

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