Extinction coefficient and recombination rate of benzyl radicals. I. Photolysis of sodium phenylacetate

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (23) ◽  
pp. 7981-7986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore O. Meiggs ◽  
Leonard I. Grossweiner ◽  
Sidney I. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Recombination Rate ◽  
Benzyl Radicals ◽  
Sodium Phenylacetate

Extinction coefficient and recombination rate of benzyl radicals. II. Photolysis of several benzyl phenylacetates in methanol

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (23) ◽  
pp. 7986-7991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore O. Meiggs ◽  
Leonard I. Grossweiner ◽  
Sidney I. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Recombination Rate ◽  
Benzyl Radicals

EFFECT OF NON-ZERO EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT ON ABSTRACTION–RECOMBINATION RATE RATIOS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 3042-3049 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. O. Pritchard ◽  
G. O. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Recombination Rate ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Rate Expression ◽  
Diffusion Effects ◽  
Photochemical Systems ◽  
Rate Ratios

The data of Marjury and Steacie on the photolysis of acetone and acetone-d6 in the presence of H2 and D2 respectively have been re-analyzed in terms of the integrated rate equations. It is concluded that only part of the discrepancy between the results for the methyl and hydrogen reaction can be accounted for in this way.In an appendix, it is shown that for high extinction coefficients, the integrated rate expression reaches a limit which may sometimes be attainable experimentally without undue complication from diffusion effects.

Generation of Phosphoranyl Radicals via Photoredox Catalysis Enables Voltage–Independent Activation of Strong C–O Bonds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Stache ◽  
Alyssa B. Ertel ◽  
Tomislav Rovis ◽  
Abigail G. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Photoredox Catalysis ◽  
Acyl Radical ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Acyl Radicals ◽  
Benzyl Radicals ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

Alcohols and carboxylic acids are ubiquitous functional groups found in organic molecules that could serve as radical precursors, but C–O bonds remain difficult to activate. We report a synthetic strategy for direct access to both alkyl and acyl radicals from these ubiquitous functional groups via photoredox catalysis. This method exploits the unique reactivity of phosphoranyl radicals, generated from a polar/SET crossover between a phosphine radical cation and an oxygen centered nucleophile. We first show the desired reactivity in the reduction of benzylic alcohols to the corresponding benzyl radicals with terminal H-atom trapping to afford the deoxygenated product. Using the same method, we demonstrate access to synthetically versatile acyl radicals which enables the reduction of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes with exceptional chemoselectivity. This protocol also transforms carboxylic acids to heterocycles and cyclic ketones via intramolecular acyl radical cyclizations to forge new C–O, C–N and C–C bonds in a single step.

Synthesis and Characterization of ROSA Dye - A Rhodamine B-type Fluorophore, Suitable for Bioconjugation and Fluorescence Studies in Live Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 758-767
Author(s):  
Vicente Rubio ◽  
Vijaya Iragavarapu ◽  
Maciej J. Stawikowski
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Probe ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Molar Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Αvβ3 Integrin ◽  
Αvβ3 Integrins

Background: Herein we report the multigram-scale synthesis, characterization and application of a rhodamine B-based fluorophore (ROSA) suitable for fluorescent studies in biological applications. This fluorophore is devoid of rhodamine spirolactone formation and furthermore characterized by a high molar extinction coefficient (ϵ=87250 ± 1630 M-1cm-1) and quantum yield (φ) of 0.589 ± 0.070 in water. Reported here is also the application of ROSA towards synthesis of a ROSA-PEG-GRGDS-NH2 fluorescent probe suitable for live cell imaging of αvβ3 integrins for in vitro assays. Objective: The main objective of this study is to efficiently prepare rhodamine B derivative, devoid of spirolactone formation that would be suitable for bioconjugation and subsequent bioimaging. Methods: Rhodamine B was transformed into rhodamine B succinimide ester (RhoB-OSu) using N-hydroxysuccinimide. RhoB-OSu was further coupled to sarcosine to obtain rhodamine Bsarcosine dye (ROSA) in good yield. The ROSA dye was then coupled to a αvβ3 integrin binding sequence using standard solid-phase conditions. Resulting ROSA-PEG-GRGDS-NH2 probe was used to image integrins on cancer cells. Results: The rhodamine B-sarcosine dye (ROSA) was obtained in multigram scale in good total yield of 47%. Unlike rhodamine B, the ROSA dye does not undergo pH-dependent spirolactone/spirolactam formation as compared with rhodamine B-glycine. It is also characterized by excellent quantum yield (φ) of 0.589 ± 0.070 in water and high molar extinction coefficient of 87250 ± 1630 M-1cm-1. ROSA coupling to the RGD-like peptide was proved to be efficient and straightforward. Imaging using standard filters on multimode plate reader and confocal microscope was performed. The αvβ3 integrins present on the surface of live WM-266-4 (melanoma) and MCF- 7 (breast cancer) cells were successfully imaged. Conclusion: We successfully derivatized rhodamine B to create an inexpensive, stable and convenient to use fluorescent probe. The obtained derivative has excellent photochemical properties and it is suitable for bioconjugation and many imaging applications.

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