The Web Version of the Exchange Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schreiner ◽  
Michael Altmeyer ◽  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Different Order ◽  
Storage Units ◽  
The Web

This paper provides a description of the web version of the Exchange Test and reports on the results of its psychometric evaluation. The Exchange Test is a measure of working memory capacity which is demanding to the central executive and storage units of working memory. It is composed of 60 items, spaced out evenly over five treatment levels of increasing difficulty. One item is composed of two arrays of symbols, the same four symbols in each array but in different order. The positions of the symbols within a single array have to be exchanged mentally until identical orders are obtained. The outcomes reflect the accuracy of counting the necessary exchanges and the time needed to perform this task. The results are based on data from 203 participants. The investigation of consistency indicated acceptable to good quality. Furthermore, the equivalence of the internal structure of the new and original versions was demonstrated. Most importantly, the scores proved to be highly correlated with fluid intelligence.

scholarly journals How Executive Processes Explain the Overlap between Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: A Test of Process Overlap Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Chenyu Li ◽  
Xuezhu Ren ◽  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship

Working memory capacity (WMC) and fluid intelligence (Gf) are highly correlated, but what accounts for this relationship remains elusive. Process-overlap theory (POT) proposes that the positive manifold is mainly caused by the overlap of domain-general executive processes which are involved in a battery of mental tests. Thus, executive processes are proposed to explain the relationship between WMC and Gf. The current study aims to (1) achieve a relatively purified representation of the core executive processes including shifting and inhibition by a novel approach combining experimental manipulations and fixed-links modeling, and (2) to explore whether these executive processes account for the overlap between WMC and Gf. To these ends, we reanalyzed data of 215 university students who completed measures of WMC, Gf, and executive processes. Results showed that the model with a common factor, as well as shifting and inhibition factors, provided the best fit to the data of the executive function (EF) task. These components explained around 88% of the variance shared by WMC and Gf. However, it was the common EF factor, rather than inhibition and shifting, that played a major part in explaining the common variance. These results do not support POT as underlying the relationship between WMC and Gf.

Understanding the Relationship Between Rationality and Intelligence: A Latent-Variable Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Burgoyne ◽  
Cody Mashburn ◽  
Jason S. Tsukahara ◽  
Zach Hambrick ◽  
Randall W Engle
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
The Relationship

A hallmark of intelligent behavior is rationality—the disposition and ability to think analytically to make decisions that maximize expected utility or follow the laws of probability, and therefore align with normative principles of decision making. However, the question remains as to whether rationality and intelligence are empirically distinct, as does the question of what cognitive mechanisms underlie individual differences in rationality. In a large sample of participants (N = 331), we used latent variable analyses to assess the relationship between rationality and intelligence. The results indicated that there was a common ability underpinning performance on some, but not all, rationality tests. Latent factors representing rationality and general intelligence were strongly correlated (r = .54), but their correlation fell well short of unity. Indeed, after accounting for variance in performance attributable to general intelligence, rationality measures still cohered on a latent factor. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that rationality correlated significantly with fluid intelligence (r = .56), working memory capacity (r = .44), and attention control (r = .49). Structural equation modeling revealed that attention control fully accounted for the relationship between working memory capacity and rationality, and partially accounted for the relationship between fluid intelligence and rationality. Results are interpreted in light of the executive attention framework, which holds that attention control supports information maintenance and disengagement in service of complex cognition. We conclude by speculating about factors rationality tests may tap that other cognitive ability tests miss, and outline directions for further research.

scholarly journals Is working memory capacity a causal factor in fluid intelligence?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Burgoyne ◽  
David Z. Hambrick ◽  
Erik M. Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Causal Factor

scholarly journals Working memory capacity mediates the relationship between removal and fluid intelligence

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 18-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishneil A. Singh ◽  
Gilles E. Gignac ◽  
Christopher R. Brydges ◽  
Ullrich K.H. Ecker
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Development of Latin Square Tasks. More Science Than Art?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Hartung ◽  
Benjamin Goecke ◽  
Ulrich Schroeders ◽  
Florian Schmitz ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Improve Measurement ◽  
Item Characteristics ◽  
Underlying Processes

In contrast to measures of working memory capacity, tests for fluid intelligence are elusive in their psychometric properties. Somewhat surprisingly, fluid intelligence is not as tractable as often conceived. We studied Latin Square Tasks (LSTs) as a group of indicators that supposedly can improve measurement of fluid intelligence. In four studies (N > 3,300), we compared competing theoretical accounts that differ in the cognitive processes proposed for successfully completing items. To this end, the cognitive demand was operationalized by two key requirements that decisively influence the task difficulty: a) processing of information with differing complexity and b) memorizing steps to the final solution. Confirming predictions, the underlying processes of LSTs are independent of stimulus type and rotation of the matrices. Relations with reasoning confirmed the validity of the novel Latin Square Tasks. Working memory capacity was a limiting resource that determined performance, however more precise predictions of item difficulties might be possible when further item characteristics will be considered. From a theoretical perspective, we discuss the superiority of a perspective on LSTs inspired by the binding hypothesis compared to relational complexity theory.

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