Relating Individual Differences in Trait-Anxiety to Memory Functioning in Young Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Cheie ◽  
Laura Visu-Petra
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Verbal Recall ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

There is extensive evidence indicating cognitive biases at several stages of information processing in high-anxious children. Little research, however, has investigated a potential memory bias toward negative information in high-anxious young children. We studied immediate and delayed verbal recall as well as delayed visual recognition in a sample of high-trait-anxious (HA) and low-trait-anxious (LA) preschoolers (N = 76, mean age = 65 months), using stimuli containing task-irrelevant emotional valence (positive, negative, neutral). The findings revealed that, compared to their LA counterparts, HA preschoolers displayed (1) a tendency to be less accurate in the immediate verbal recall task, (2) poorer recall of negative words in the immediate condition and poorer recall of neutral words in the delayed condition, (3) impaired delayed recognition of identities with happy facial expressions and a tendency to better recognize identities expressing anger. Results are discussed considering the dynamic interplay between personality, emotion and cognitive factors during early development.

Effects of anxiety on memory storage and updating in young children

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Visu-Petra ◽  
Lavinia Cheie ◽  
Oana Benga ◽  
Tracy Packiam Alloway
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
High Anxious

The relationship between trait anxiety and memory functioning in young children was investigated. Two studies were conducted, using tasks tapping verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory (Study 1) and working memory (Study 2) in preschoolers. On the verbal storage tasks, there was a detrimental effect of anxiety on processing efficiency (duration of preparatory intervals) on Word Span. Performance effectiveness (memory span) did not differ between high-anxious and low-anxious children. In the second study, evaluating memory updating in a dual-task context, high-anxious children performed worse than low-anxious children on two verbal working memory tasks. Therefore, when simple verbal storage is required, high-anxious children show only efficiency deficits; when executive demands are higher (i.e., verbal updating) both accuracy and efficiency are impaired. However, on the visual-spatial storage and updating measures, performance did not differ between the two anxiety groups. The results are discussed in the context of the attentional control theory (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007).

Memory performance of geriatric and nongeriatric chronic schizophrenic patients: A cross-sectional study

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE M. PUTNAM ◽  
PHILIP D. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Learning Test

Memory functioning has been studied extensively in nongeriatric schizophrenic patients, leading to the suggestion that schizophrenic patients manifest a “subcortical” pattern of memory deficits. Few previous studies examined very poor outcome patients with a chronic course of hospitalization. This study examined the association of age and global cognitive dysfunction with verbal and spatial learning and delayed recall, as well as examining differential impairments in delayed recall as compared to delayed recognition memory. Sixty-six chronic schizophrenic patients were studied, with 30 of these patients over the age of 65. Verbal (California Verbal Learning Test) and spatial (Biber Figure Learning Test) serial learning and delayed memory tests were administered. All aspects of memory functioning were correlated with estimates of global cognitive status. When global cognitive status was controlled, age effects were still found for the majority of the memory measures. Delayed recognition memory was not spared, being performed as poorly as delayed recall. In contrast to previous studies of better-outcome patients with schizophrenia, geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia performed more poorly than nongeriatric patients. The lack of sparing of delayed recognition memory suggests that previous findings of specific recall memory deficit and a subcortical profile of memory impairments may apply to schizophrenic patients with less severe global cognitive impairments. These data suggest that poor-outcome patients may have a pattern of memory impairments that has some features in common with cortical dementia. (JINS, 1999, 5, 494–501.)

Tuning Perceptual Competition

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 1057-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Wascher ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Luminance Change ◽  
Orientation Change ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Dynamic Interplay ◽  
Relative Salience

The ability to notice relevant visual information has been assumed to be determined both by the relative salience of relevant information compared with distracters within a given display and by voluntary allocation of attention toward intended goals. A dominance of either of these two mechanisms in stimulus processing has been claimed by different theories. A central question in this context is to what degree and how task irrelevant signals can influence processing of target information. In the present study, participants had to detect a luminance change in various conditions among others against an irrelevant orientation change. The saliency of the latter was systematically varied and was found to be predictive for the proportion of detected information when relevant and irrelevant information were spatially separated but not when they overlapped. Weighting and competition of incoming signals was reflected in the amplitude of the N1pc component of the event-related potential. Initial orientation of attention toward the irrelevant element had to be followed by a reallocation process, reflected in an N2pc. The control of conflicting information additionally evoked a fronto-central N2 that varied with the amount of competition induced. Thus the data support models that assume that attention is a dynamic interplay of bottom-up and top-down processes that may be mediated via a common dynamic neural network.

Kinaesthetic Judgements of the Direction of Line by Young Children

1967 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Over ◽  
Joan Over
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The Poor

The ability of young children to make kinaesthetic judgements of direction of line has been studied under recognition and detection conditions. Some children were not more accurate than chance when they were required to indicate the same one of a pair of mirror image oblique lines over a series of trials; these children could, however, detect whether two obliques were oriented in the same direction or in different directions. These latter data suggest that the poor recognition of mirror image obliques arises from deficiencies in spatial categorizing and not in input coding. This conclusion is supported by the finding that children who performed poorly on the kinaesthetic recognition of obliques performed poorly on the visual recognition of these figures.

scholarly journals Comparing memory based on visual recall, visual recognition, and verbal recall

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hall ◽  
Wilma Bainbridge ◽  
Chris Baker
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Verbal Recall

The relation of the cortisol awakening response and prospective memory functioning in young children

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Bäumler ◽  
Babett Voigt ◽  
Robert Miller ◽  
Tobias Stalder ◽  
Clemens Kirschbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Memory Functioning

Cognitive biases and auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy and clinical individuals

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2339-2347 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Daalman ◽  
I. E. C. Sommer ◽  
E. M. Derks ◽  
E. R. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Need For Care ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Emotional Reasoning

BackgroundSeveral cognitive biases are related to psychotic symptoms, including auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). It remains unclear whether these biases differ in voice-hearers with and without a ‘need-for-care’.MethodA total of 72 healthy controls, 72 healthy voice-hearers and 72 clinical voice-hearers were compared on the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for psychosis (CBQp), which assesses ‘intentionalizing’, ‘jumping to conclusions’, ‘catastrophizing’, ‘dichotomous thinking’ and ‘emotional reasoning’ in vignettes characterized by two themes, ‘threatening events’ and ‘anomalous perceptions’.ResultsHealthy voice-hearers scored intermediately on total CBQp between the control and clinical groups, differing significantly from both. However, on four out of five biases the scores of the healthy voice-hearers were comparable with those of the healthy controls. The only exception was ‘emotional reasoning’, on which their scores were comparable with the clinical group. Healthy voice-hearers demonstrated fewer biases than the psychotic patients on the ‘threatening events’, but not the ‘anomalous perceptions’, vignettes. CBQp scores were related to both cognitive and emotional, but not physical, characteristics of voices.ConclusionsMost cognitive biases prevalent in clinical voice-hearers, particularly with threatening events themes, are absent in healthy voice-hearers, apart from emotional reasoning which may be specifically related to the vulnerability to develop AVH. The association between biases and both beliefs about voices and distress/emotional valence is consistent with the close links between emotions and psychotic phenomena identified by cognitive models of psychosis. The absence of reasoning biases might prevent the formation of threatening appraisals about anomalous experiences, thereby reducing the likelihood of distress and ‘need for care’.

scholarly journals The Effect of Task-Irrelevant Emotional Valence on Limited Attentional Resources During Deception: An ERPs Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Qian-Nan Ruan ◽  
Ke-Ke Fu ◽  
Yu-Hsin Chen ◽  
Wen-Jing Yan
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Dyadic Process ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Deception is a complex and cognitively draining dyadic process that simultaneously involves cognitive and emotional processes, both of which demand/capture attentional resources. However, few studies have investigated the allocation of attentional resources between cognitive and emotional processes during deception. The current study presented facial expressions of different valences to 36 participants. While an electroencephalogram was recording, they were asked to make either truthful or deceptive gender judgments according to preceding cues. The results showed that deceptive responses induced smaller P300 amplitudes than did truthful responses. Task-irrelevant negative emotional information (TiN) elicited larger P300 amplitudes than did task-irrelevant positive emotional information (TiP). Furthermore, the results showed that TiN elicited larger LPP amplitudes than did TiP in deceptive responses, but not in truthful ones. The results suggested that attentional resources were directed away to deception-related cognitive processes and TiN, but not TiP, was consistently able to compete for and obtain attentional resources during deception. The results indicated that TiN could disrupt with deception and may facilitate deception detection.

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