<p>Ionospheric outflow is the outward flow of atmospheric plasma, initiated by a loss of equilibrium along the magnetic field. Terrestrial ionospheric outflow presents as a polar wind triggered by the Dungey cycle, which drives much of Earth&#8217;s magnetospheric dynamics. At Saturn, Felici et al. [2016] observed ionospheric outflow in the lobes at 36 R<sub>S</sub>. Interestingly, at Jupiter, Valek et al. [2019] reported ionospheric outflow on magnetic field lines with invariant latitudes between Io&#8217;s auroral signatures and the main auroral emission, lower than the polar cap.</p><p>At Jupiter and Saturn, the rapid rotation of the planet, coupled with an internal plasma source inside each magnetosphere, results in the Vasyliunas cycle, by which material is circulated throughout the system, eventually being lost down the magnetotail. This constant churning likely results in a system where ionospheric outflow occurs more readily at mid-to-high planetary latitudes that map to the middle magnetosphere, rather than solely at polar latitudes. Furthermore, ionospheric outflow at the Jupiter and Saturn will be affected by strong centrifugal forces and auroral currents, which are near omnipresent in each magnetosphere.</p><p>Using a 1-dimensional, hydrodynamic, multi-fluid model, we determine the ionospheric outflow in the jovian and saturnian systems. Our model includes the effect of centrifugal forces and auroral field-aligned currents, both of which act to enhance outflow rates from previous studies. We find that ionospheric outflow may provide a significant contribution to the jovian and saturnian systems, with the mass source rates of 18.7 &#8211; 31.7 kg s<sup>-1</sup>and 5.5-17.7 kg s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, where the range reflects the sensitivity to the assumed initial atmospheric conditions.</p>
The Effect of Field‐Aligned Currents and Centrifugal Forces on Ionospheric Outflow at Saturn
