Pharmacological Treatment of Acute Stress Reactions and PTSD

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Reactions

Psychological reactions to cancer

2007 ◽  
pp. 591-612
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patient ◽  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Psychological Reactions ◽  
Anxiety Management ◽  
Anxious Patient ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Suicidal Ideas

Introduction 592 Adjustment, stress reactions, and disorders 594 Supporting the cancer patient through periods of adjustment 596 Psychological assessment 598 Depression 600 Suicide and suicidal ideas 602 Treatment of depression 604 Anxiety 606 Anxiety management 608 Pharmacological treatment of anxiety 610 Assessment and support of the anxious patient ...

Reactions to stressful experiences

2012 ◽  
pp. 153-175
Author(s):  
Philip Cowen ◽  
Paul Harrison ◽  
Tom Burns
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Illness ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Severe Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stressful Experience ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Stressful Experiences

Chapter 8 begins with a description of the various components of the response to stressful events, including coping strategies and mechanisms of defence. The classification of reactions to stressful experience is discussed next. The various syndromes are then described, including acute stress reactions, post-traumatic stress disorder, special forms of response to severe stress, and adjustment disorders. The chapter ends with an account of special forms of adjustment reaction, including adjustment to bereavement (grief) and to terminal illness, and the problems of adults who experienced sexual abuse in childhood.

Acute stress reactions

2012 ◽  
pp. 693-700
Author(s):  
Anke Ehlers ◽  
Allison G. Harvey ◽  
Richard A. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Symptom Patterns

Exceptionally stressful life events can cause severe psychological symptoms, including anxiety, feelings of derealization and depersonalization, and hyperarousal. In one of the first studies to comprehensively document acute reactions to extreme stress, Lindemann observed that the symptoms reported by survivors of the Coconut Grove Fire included avoidance, re-experiencing scenes from the fire, reports of derealization, and the experience of anxiety when exposed to reminders of the event. Similarly, acute responses reported by soldiers who fought in the First and Second World Wars included re-experiencing symptoms and dissociative responses such as numbing, amnesia, and depersonalization. The International Classification of Diseases has recognized acute stress reactions since 1948 (ICD-6). In the most recent edition (ICD-10), early reactions to exceptionally stressful life events are diagnosed as acute stress reaction, one of the diagnoses in the section headed ‘reactions to severe stress, and adjustment disorders’. The diagnoses of acute stress reactions in ICD-10 and of acute stress disorder in DSM-IV have similarities in that they are caused by extreme stress and have some overlap in symptom patterns. They can be considered as two separate points on a continuum from transient to more enduring symptoms. However, there are also differences in the underlying concepts, as we will discuss in this chapter.

scholarly journals Treatment of victims of trauma

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen Adshead ◽  
Scott Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Traumatic Symptoms

Not all traumatic events cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and people develop PTSD symptoms after events that do not seem to be overwhelmingly traumatic. In order to direct services appropriately, there is a need to distinguish time-limited post-traumatic symptoms and acute stress reactions (that may improve spontaneously without treatment or respond to discrete interventions) from PTSD, with its potentially more chronic pathway and possible long-term effects on the personality. In this article, we describe acute and chronic stress disorders and evidence about the most effective treatments.

scholarly journals Are Negative Cognitions Associated With Severe Acute Trauma Responses?

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald D.V. Nixon ◽  
Richard A. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Trauma Appraisals ◽  
Trauma Responses

AbstractRecent cognitive models of trauma response predict that negative trauma appraisals are central to the development of psychopathological stress reactions. Fifty-nine civilian survivors of motor vehicle accidents (MVA; n = 24) and nonsexual assaults (n = 35) were assessed within 4 weeks of their traumatic event for acute stress disorder (ASD), prior traumatic events and prior mental health contact, and were administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory. Participants who were diagnosed with ASD displayed more maladaptive appraisals about their functioning following their trauma and reported higher levels of concern regarding anxiety symptoms than those who were not diagnosed with ASD. Negative beliefs were strongly associated with acute stress severity. These findings are discussed in the context of cognitive mechanisms that may influence maladaptive adjustment following trauma.

Event-Related Electrodermal Response to Stress: Results From a Realistic Driving Simulator Scenario

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-151
Author(s):  
Yannick Daviaux ◽  
Emilien Bonhomme ◽  
Hans Ivers ◽  
Étienne de Sevin ◽  
Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Electrodermal Response ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Stress Experience ◽  
Response To Stress

Objective: The study goal was to test whether induced stress during driving could be measured at the event level through electrodermal activity responses. Background: Stress measured in simulation scenarios could thus far show an overall change in the stress state, but not be well attributed to acute stressful events. Driving simulator scenarios that induce stress measurable at the event level in realistic situations are thus warranted. As such, acute stress reactions can be measured in the context of changing situational factors such as fatigue, substance abuse, or medical conditions. Method: Twelve healthy female participants drove the same route numerous times in a driving simulator, each time with different random traffic events occurring throughout. During one of the scenarios, unknown to the participants, 10 programmed neutral traffic events occurred, whereas in another scenario, at the same location, 10 stressful events occurred. Results: Electrodermal response results showed both effects of scenario type and of events. The amplitude of the electrodermal response was significantly correlated with subjective stress experience. Conclusion: We conclude that our developed ecological driving simulation scenarios can be used to induce and measure stress at the event level. Application: The developed simulator scenarios enable us to measure stress reactions in driving situations at the time when the event actually happens. With these scenarios, we can measure how situational factors, such as fatigue or substance abuse, can change immediate stress reactions when driving. We can further measure more specifically how induced driving stress can affect physical and mental functioning afterward.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Stress in Saliva / Biomarkeri stresa u pljuvački

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nedeljka Ivković ◽  
Đorđe Božović ◽  
Maja Račić ◽  
Dijana Popović-Grubač ◽  
Brankica Davidović
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stress ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Low Concentrations

SUMMARY Stress is defined as a state in which homeostasis, as a dynamic balance of internal conditions necessary for the proper functioning of cells or the living organism as a whole, is affected by the action of various stressors. Stress reaction occurs as a result of stress system activities, which is located in the central and peripheral nervous system. Stress evaluation involves a qualitative and quantitative analyses and valuation of certain biologically active substances (biomarkers of stress) in body fluids that are so often associated with stress. Saliva as a diagnostic medium is being increasingly used for purposes of clinical and basic research because of its composition and content as well as the advantages of the process of sampling, as compared to traditional methods of collecting blood samples and urine samples. Cortisol, as a biomarker of stress, is the most often studied salivary biomarker, which is associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis. Since stress leads to the suppression of the immune system, values of salivary secretory IgA and salivary lysozyme, as biomarkers of stress, can be analyzed. In saliva, it is difficult to monitor acute stress parameters, catecholamines, due to their low concentrations, rapid degradation and instability in the samples. Chromogranin A (CgA) and α-amylase enzyme can be used as alternative indices of adrenergic activity during stress reactions, due to their stability in saliva and reliability of the obtained values. Stress reaction and the diseases in whose pathogenesis it participates are yet another proof of the constant interaction of physical, psychological and social factors in health / disease

Cognitive Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Reactions and their Treatment in Children and Adolescents: An Empirical Review and Some Recommendations

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Dalgleish ◽  
Richard Meiser-Stedman ◽  
Patrick Smith
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour

This paper reviews empirical research on cognitive factors associated with the experience of trauma and with the development of posttraumatic stress, Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The review covers three main areas: cognitive experimental and neuropsychological studies; large scale studies on representative samples; and, randomized clinical trial data examining cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) interventions. Overall, the conclusions are that progress in all three areas lags far behind that in adult work and that, perhaps, the studies to date raise more questions than they provide answers provided by the studies to date. The paper concludes with detailed empirical recommendations for future research in the three chosen domains.

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