Cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with eating disorders: An effective alternative to the disease-based treatments

Several clinical services offer eclectic multidisciplinary treatments with no evidence of efficacy and effectiveness for adolescents with eating disorders. These treatments are usually based on the ‘disease model’ of eating disorders. The model postulates that eating disorders are the result of a specific disease (i.e., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or other eating disorders), and patients are considered not to have control of their illness. Therefore, they need the external control of parents and/or health professionals. In this model, the patients adopt a passive role in the treatment. On the contrary, enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) for adolescents is based on a ‘psychological model’ of eating disorders. Patients are helped to understand the psychological mechanisms that maintain their eating disorder and are ‘actively’ involved in the recovery process. Clinical studies showed that more than 60% of adolescent patients who complete the treatment achieve a full response at 12-month follow-up. The treatment is well accepted by young people and their parents, and its collaborative nature is well suited to ambivalent young patients who may be particularly concerned about control issues and for parents who cannot participate in all treatment sessions.

Therapeutic Alliance in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Child and Adolescent Mental Health-Current Trends and Future Challenges

This extended literature review proposes to present the trends in the therapeutic alliance, outcomes, and measures in the last decade within the premises of individual cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and its innovations, used as an interventional measure in the context of child and adolescent mental health setting. A brief background of the rationale for conducting this literature search is presented at the start. This is followed by the methodology and design which incorporates the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the basis for the same. The critical appraisal of the primary studies is presented in the literature review section with a brief description of the summary features of the studies in the study tables followed by the results and discussion of the study findings. To summarise, the literature review of primary studies conducted in the last decade demonstrates the need for further research to be conducted both in the field of CBT in children and therapeutic alliance, competence, and therapy outcomes, integrating perspectives in child development, carer alliance, and the social construct theory in children, to allow for further innovations in CBT in the context of increasing challenges in the current times of exponentially developing technology and its utility without compromising the quality of therapy. In conclusion, recommendations are made as a guideline for future studies and research in this field.

Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents With Autism

Children and adolescents with autism frequently have symptoms of various mental disorders along with the features that define autism. Problems with anxiety, depression, emotion regulation, cognitive problems, and associated behavioural problems occur in children with autism of all ages. Overall, high rates of several psychiatric disorders have been reported in individuals with autism. Several authors have suggested cognitive and behaviour therapy (CBT) as a very useful intervention therapy, which can apply in schools, in order to help these children with autism and mental health disorders. It is also important the use of information and communications technology (ICT) and other computer programs to support students with autism in education. Therefore, with a coordinated effort to use this intervention program, schools have an opportunity to address the goals of improving social, emotional, and behavioural competence for these students and minimising the impact of established emotional, behavioural, or educational disorders.

Studi Fenomenologi: Pengalaman Pelaku Pedofilia di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (LP) Kelas II.A Kendari Sulawesi Tenggara

Kasus kejahatan seksual pada anak di bawah umur di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara semakin tinggi dan hal ini sangat menyita perhatian pihak pemerintah. Kejahatan seksual pada anak dapat dipengaruhi beberapa faktor baik internal maupun eksternal. Keberadaan pelaku pedofilia selama berada di Lapas mendorong untuk mengatasi masalah yang dihadapi agar menjadi manusia yang lebih baik. Perlu upaya layanan rehabilitasi khusus dari keperawatan jiwa berbasis pemberian terapi perilaku-kognitif yang berfokus untuk mengubah ke arah adaptif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali lebih dalam pengalaman pelaku pedofilia di Lapas Kelas II.A Kendari. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam menggunakan pedoman wawancara semistruktur kepada 5 partisipan. Analisis data menggunakan Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA). Hasil penelitian ditemukan 10 tema yaitu: 1) faktor-faktor penyebab pedophile melakukan tindakan kejahatan, 2) melakukan perbuatan salah namun merasa tidak merugikan siapapun, 3) merasa perbuatan yang dilakukan sebagai pemenuhan nafsu seksual, 4) menganggap semua yang terjadi adalah takdir Tuhan, 5) timbul penyesalan setelah mendekatkan diri pada Allah, 6) perasaan batin tertekan memikirkan keluarga, 7) berupaya melupakan masa lalu yang buruk, 8) bersyukur lebih dekat kepada Allah SWT, 9) berharap bisa menjadi manusia yang lebih baik, 10) berharap dapat mengatasi masalah yang ada dengan penanganan khusus. Partisipan masih mengalami masalah terkait kesulitan dalam melupakan perbuatan yang telah dilakukan dan korbannya sehingga hal tersebut dapat memicu timbulkan keinginan untuk kembali melakukan perbuatan seksual mengingat efek ketagihan yang telah dirasakan oleh pelaku pedophile sehingga dibutuhkan adanya suatu penanganan khusus yang berfokus pada kognitif untuk merubah perilaku maladaptif ke perilaku yang adaptif melalui pendekatan suatu terapi Cognitif Behaviour Therapy (CBT).

Konsep Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (Rebt) Dalam Usaha Mencegah Juvenile Delinquency

Perkembangan sosial pada remaja menyebabkan mereka lebih memilih untuk menghabiskan waktu dengan komunitas atau kelompok teman-teman sebayanya. Hal ini menjadi sebuah permasalahan, apabila remaja bergabung pada komunitas atau kelompok yang salah, akan membuat mereka memiliki nilai-nilai yang salah sehingga berani untuk melakukan juvenile delinquency (kenakalan remaja). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ditulis dengan tujuan memberikan masukan kepada orangtua maupun gereja dalam memberikan keyakinan atau kepercayaan yang rasional, sehingga remaja tidak sampai melakukan tindakan atau perbuatan yang melanggar norma-norma yang ada di masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan jenis analisis buku teks. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ditemukan konsep belief yang rasional, untuk mengganti kepercayaan atau keyakinan remaja yang irasional dengan harapan remaja tidak menunjukkan perilaku kenakalan remaja.

Pengurusan Keresahan Mahasiswa IPTA di Musim COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic had affected the whole world especially the human life routine. There were several sectors that had been severely affected such as economy, education, and mental wellbeing. Most of the countries had implemented the approach of online classes as alternative to manage the education system. Thus, the students joining all the classes by themselves via online. There are a lot of consequences that need to be adapted by students to undergo the new norm of education system. This study used case study design to identify the appropriate counselling intervention to reduce anxiety among students. The counsellor used the approach of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) with the objective to restructure the client’s thought and behaviour in facing the adversity during the pandemic of COVID-19. In total, there were 8 sessions that had been conducted for counsellor to help the client to rationalize the thought and exploring new possible behaviour that can be applied by the client. At the end of the session, the client manages to control her anxiety issues and become more encourage to focus on online learning basis. The approach of behaviour and cognitive therapy are suitable to be used among the counsellors to help the client with anxiety issues. Abstrak Pandemik COVID-19 telah melanda kebanyakan negara di seluruh dunia dan menjejaskan kehidupan serta aktiviti manusia di dunia. Banyak sektor yang terjejas seperti sektor ekonomi, sektor pendidikan, keselamatan dan kesejahteraan mental di seluruh dunia. Bagi bidang pendidikan, kebanyakan negara memfokuskan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam talian sebagai alternatif untuk menguruskan pendidikan pengajar dan pembelajaran. Ini membawa kepada pelajar belajar secara bersendirian dengan pemikiran mereka dikuasai oleh maklumat -maklumat dari media masa. Terdapat banyak kesan-kesan sampingan dihadapi oleh pelajar dalam menghadapi kehidupan norma baharu ini. Artikel ini akan membincangkan bagaimana kaunselor membantu klien dalam menjalani kehidupan norma baharu dan mengurangkan keresahan yang dihadapi klien. Kaunselor menggunakan pendekatan terapi tingkah laku dan kognitif (CBT) untuk menstrukturkan kembali pemikiran dan mengubah tingkah laku yang dapat membantu klien mengadaptasi kehidupan di norma baharu. Lapan sesi yang dijalankan bagi membincangkan pemikiran yang dimiliki klien mengenai pendemik ini, merasionalkan pemikiran tersebut, melihat tingkah laku hasil dari pemikiran dan daya tindak yang sesuai untuk klien praktikan. Hasil daripada sesi kaunseling yang dijalankan bersama kaunselor, klien dapat mengawal keresahan yang dialami dan bersemangat untuk lebih fokus kepada pembelajaran dalam talian. Oleh itu, pendekatan terapi tingkah laku dan

THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT AND DEALING OF FEAR IN HUMANS.

Fear is a simple basic emotion experienced by every single being. It is a fundamental survival mechanism that indicates humans to respond in danger with a ght or ight response in order to keep us safe. Every human body reacts in a different way when it encounters fear. This paper examines the reasons for the growth and prevalence of fear in relation to the mind and the role of psychological intervention in dealing with it. Literature search was done on Google scholar which included the use of keywords ‘fear’, ‘phobias’, ‘psychological intervention’ or ‘emotions. Reference lists having similar titles were also taken into consideration. Available literature search shows that hormones have a vital role in functioning of fear and phobias. Everyone has a different way of dealing with it. An abnormality in processing of fear could potentially lead to psychiatric disorders. Psychology based therapy is an effective way of dealing with it. Fear being an exaggerated emotion needs a plan that works towards the development of its belief. Psychological intervention involving Cognitive behavioural therapy, Rational emotive behaviour therapy, Systematic desensitization and many others have been proved to overcome fears and phobias.

A rapid evidence assessment of psychological treatment approaches for stalking behaviour

Purpose This paper aims to provide practitioners with a brief but comprehensive review of the current evidence base for psychological treatment approaches used in the UK that may be useful for stalking therapies. Design/methodology/approach A rapid evidence assessment was conducted on papers (post the UK Protection from Harassment Act, 1997) that discuss treatments of stalking (with or without a conviction) and associated offences/disorders. Therapies reviewed were Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Cognitive Analytic Therapy, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy and Schema Therapy. Searches for Mentalization-Based Therapy and Psychodynamic Therapy in relation to stalking were also performed but yielded no results that met inclusion criteria. Findings There is currently a severely limited evidence base for the efficacy of the psychological treatment of stalking behaviours. Some interventions show promise although a multifaceted, formulation-based approach is likely to be required. Practical implications Future research would benefit from robust studies focused on stalking with long-term efficacy follow-ups. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first rapid evidence review of psychological treatments that directly address stalking behaviour.