The description of facial expressions in terms of two dimensions.

1952 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Schlosberg
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Two Dimensions

scholarly journals A Robot Has a Mind of Its Own Because We Intuitively Share It

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6531
Author(s):  
Mizuho Sumitani ◽  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Hiroaki Abe ◽  
Kenji Azuma ◽  
Rikuhei Tsuchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Virtual Agent ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Pain Detection ◽  
Pain Experiences ◽  
The Mind

People perceive the mind in two dimensions: intellectual and affective. Advances in artificial intelligence enable people to perceive the intellectual mind of a robot through their semantic interactions. Conversely, it has been still controversial whether a robot has an affective mind of its own without any intellectual actions or semantic interactions. We investigated pain experiences when observing three different facial expressions of a virtual agent modeling affective minds (i.e., painful, unhappy, and neutral). The cold pain detection threshold of 19 healthy subjects was measured as they watched a black screen, then changes in their cold pain detection thresholds were evaluated as they watched the facial expressions. Subjects were asked to rate the pain intensity from the respective facial expressions. Changes of cold pain detection thresholds were compared and adjusted by the respective pain intensities. Only when watching the painful expression of a virtual agent did, the cold pain detection threshold increase significantly. By directly evaluating intuitive pain responses when observing facial expressions of a virtual agent, we found that we ‘share’ empathic neural responses, which can be intuitively emerge, according to observed pain intensity with a robot (a virtual agent).

Preschool Children's Interpretation of Facial Expressions of Emotion

1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merry Bullock ◽  
James A. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Wide Awake

A structural model of emotions was used to reveal patterns in how children interpret the emotional facial expressions of others. Three-, four-, five-year-olds, and adults (n = 38 in each group) were asked to match 15 emotion-descriptive words (happy, excited, surprised, afraid, scared, angry, mad, disgusted, miserable, sad, sleepy, calm, relaxed, wide awake, and, as a check on response bias, insipid) with still photographs of actors showing different facial expressions. Whereas prior research had indicated that preschool-aged children are "inaccurate" in associating labels with faces, our results indicated that that research may have severely underestimated children's knowledge of emotions. In this study children used terms systematically to refer to a specifiable range of expressions, centered around a focal point. Multidimensional scaling of the word/facial expression associations yielded a two-dimensional structure able to account for the interrelationships among emotions, and this structure was the same for all age groups. The nature of this structure, the blurry boundaries between emotion words, and developmental shifts in the referents of emotion words suggested the primacy of two dimensions, pleasure-displeasure and arousal-sleep, in children's interpretation of emotion.

Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms Involved in Interactions Between Touch and Emotion

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Zhilin Zhang ◽  
Tianyi Yan ◽  
Qiang Huang ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Hairy Skin ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Primitive Modality

Touch has been described as the most fundamental means of contact with the world and the most primitive modality among all sensory systems. In the past, the study of emotional communication has focused almost exclusively on facial and vocal channels but has ignored the channel for the sense of touch. However, the latest studies have documented that the sense of touch can convey at least six emotions, and its accuracy rate is comparable to that of facial expressions and vocal communication. Moreover, there is also mounting evidence indicating that the modality of touch encompasses two dimensions, which provide not only its well-recognized discriminative input from glabrous skin to sensory cortex but also an affective input from hairy skin to the insular cortex because a type of low-threshold mechanosensitive receptor that innervates hairy skin has been shown to convey emotions via C fibers. In light of recent advances in our research, this chapter aims to illustrate the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie interactions between touch and emotion.

scholarly journals Statistical Learning of Facial Expressions Improves Realism of Animated Avatar Faces

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martin Grewe ◽  
Tuo Liu ◽  
Christoph Kahl ◽  
Andrea Hildebrandt ◽  
Stefan Zachow
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Uncanny Valley ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Perceived Realism ◽  
Facial Expression Database

A high realism of avatars is beneficial for virtual reality experiences such as avatar-mediated communication and embodiment. Previous work, however, suggested that the usage of realistic virtual faces can lead to unexpected and undesired effects, including phenomena like the uncanny valley. This work investigates the role of photographic and behavioral realism of avatars with animated facial expressions on perceived realism and congruence ratings. More specifically, we examine ratings of photographic and behavioral realism and their mismatch in differently created avatar faces. Furthermore, we utilize these avatars to investigate the effect of behavioral realism on perceived congruence between video-recorded physical person’s expressions and their imitations by the avatar. We compared two types of avatars, both with four identities that were created from the same facial photographs. The first type of avatars contains expressions that were designed by an artistic expert. The second type contains expressions that were statistically learned from a 3D facial expression database. Our results show that the avatars containing learned facial expressions were rated more photographically and behaviorally realistic and possessed a lower mismatch between the two dimensions. They were also perceived as more congruent to the video-recorded physical person’s expressions. We discuss our findings and the potential benefit of avatars with learned facial expressions for experiences in virtual reality and future research on enfacement.

Differential Neural Correlates of Dimensions of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia During Social-emotional Appraisal and Effects of Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S40-S41
Author(s):  
A. Aleman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Appraisal

Factor analyses of large datasets have established two dimensions of negative symptoms: expressive deficits and a motivation. This distinction is of relevance as the dimensions differ in their cognitive and clinical correlates (e.g. with regard to functional outcome). Using functional MRI, we examined the neural correlates of the two negative symptom dimensions with brain activation during social-emotional evaluation. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 20) performed the Wall of Faces task during fMRI, which measures emotional ambiguity in a social context by presenting an array of faces with varying degrees of consistency in emotional expressions. More specifically, appraisal of facial expressions under uncertainty. We found severity of expressive deficits to be negatively correlated with activation in thalamic, prefrontal, precentral, parietal and temporal brain areas during emotional ambiguity (appraisal of facial expressions in an equivocal versus an unequivocal condition). No association was found for a motivation with these neural correlates, in contrast to a previous fMRI study in which we found a motivation to be associated with neural correlates of executive (planning) performance. We also evaluated the effects of medication and neurostimulation (rTMS treatment over the lateral prefrontal cortex) on activation during the social–emotional ambiguity task. The medication comparison concerned an RCT of aripiprazole versus risperidone. Compared to risperidone, aripiprazole showed differential involvement of frontotemporal and frontostriatal circuits in social-emotional ambiguity. We conclude that deconstruction of negative symptoms into more homogeneous components and investigating underlying neurocognitive mechanisms can potentially shed more light on their nature and may ultimately yield clues for targeted treatment.Disclosure of interestAA received speaker fees from Lundbeck.

The Classification of Facial Expressions of Emotion: A Multidimensional-Scaling Approach

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Katsikitis
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Scaling Procedure ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Upper Face

Photographs (study 1) or line-drawing representations (study 2) of posed facial expressions and a list of emotion words (happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, sadness, neutral) were presented to two groups of observers who were asked to match the photographs or line drawings, respectively, with the emotion categories provided. A multidimensional-scaling procedure was applied to the judgment data. Two dimensions were revealed; pleasantness – unpleasantness and upper-face – lower-face dominance. Furthermore, the similarity shown by the two-dimensional structures derived first from the judgments of photographs and second from the line drawings suggests that line drawings are a viable alternative to photographs in facial-expression research.

scholarly journals Associations Between Brain and Behavioral Processing of Facial Expressions of Emotion and Sensory Reactivity in Young Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris L. Porter ◽  
Courtney A. Evans Stout ◽  
Peter Joseph Reschke ◽  
Larry J Nelson ◽  
Daniel C. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Sensory Reactivity ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Related Potentials

The ability to decode and accurately identify information from facial emotions may advantage young children socially. This capacity to decode emotional information may likewise be influenced by individual differences in children’s temperament. This study investigated whether sensory reactivity and perceptual awareness, two dimensions of temperament, as well as children’s ability to accurately label emotions relates to the neural processing of emotional content in faces. Event related potentials (ERPs) of 4 to 6 year-old children (N = 119) were elicited from static displays of anger, happy, fearful, sad, and neutral emotion faces. Children, as a group, exhibited differential early (N290) and mid-latency (P400) event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to facial expressions of emotion. Individual differences in children’s sensory reactivity were associated with enhanced P400 amplitudes to neutral, sad, and fearful faces. In a separate task, children were asked to provide an emotional label for the same images. Interestingly, children less accurately labeled the same neutral, sad, and fearful faces, suggesting that, contrary to previous work showing enhanced attentional processing to threatening cues (i.e., fear), children higher in sensory reactivity may deploy more attentional resources when decoding ambiguous emotional cues.

Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms Involved in Interactions between Touch and Emotion

2016 ◽  
pp. 166-186
Author(s):  
Zhilin Zhang ◽  
Tianyi Yan ◽  
Qiang Huang ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Hairy Skin ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Primitive Modality

Touch has been described as the most fundamental means of contact with the world and the most primitive modality among all sensory systems. In the past, the study of emotional communication has focused almost exclusively on facial and vocal channels but has ignored the channel for the sense of touch. However, the latest studies have documented that the sense of touch can convey at least six emotions, and its accuracy rate is comparable to that of facial expressions and vocal communication. Moreover, there is also mounting evidence indicating that the modality of touch encompasses two dimensions, which provide not only its well-recognized discriminative input from glabrous skin to sensory cortex but also an affective input from hairy skin to the insular cortex because a type of low-threshold mechanosensitive receptor that innervates hairy skin has been shown to convey emotions via C fibers. In light of recent advances in our research, this chapter aims to illustrate the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie interactions between touch and emotion.

The tangled web of agency

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Pe-Curto ◽  
Julien A. Deonna ◽  
David Sander
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Bad Company

AbstractWe characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.

A transmission electron microscopic study of structural transitions in fast ionic conductors

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
R. B. Queenan ◽  
P. K. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Ionic Conductivities ◽  
Sodium Aluminate ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Trivalent Cations

Na ß“-alumina (Na1.67Mg67Al10.33O17) is a non-stoichiometric sodium aluminate which exhibits fast ionic conduction of the Na+ ions in two dimensions. The Na+ ions can be exchanged with a variety of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. The resulting exchanged materials also show high ionic conductivities.Considerable interest in the Na+-Nd3+-ß“-aluminas has been generated as a result of the recent observation of lasing in the pulsed and cw modes. A recent TEM investigation on a 100% exchanged Nd ß“-alumina sample found evidence for the intergrowth of two different structure types. Microdiffraction revealed an ordered phase coexisting with an apparently disordered phase, in which the cations are completely randomized in two dimensions. If an order-disorder transition is present then the cooling rates would be expected to affect the microstructures of these materials which may in turn affect the optical properties. The purpose of this work was to investigate the affect of thermal treatments upon the micro-structural and optical properties of these materials.

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