scholarly journals A Robot Has a Mind of Its Own Because We Intuitively Share It

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6531
Author(s):  
Mizuho Sumitani ◽  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Hiroaki Abe ◽  
Kenji Azuma ◽  
Rikuhei Tsuchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Virtual Agent ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Pain Detection ◽  
Pain Experiences ◽  
The Mind

People perceive the mind in two dimensions: intellectual and affective. Advances in artificial intelligence enable people to perceive the intellectual mind of a robot through their semantic interactions. Conversely, it has been still controversial whether a robot has an affective mind of its own without any intellectual actions or semantic interactions. We investigated pain experiences when observing three different facial expressions of a virtual agent modeling affective minds (i.e., painful, unhappy, and neutral). The cold pain detection threshold of 19 healthy subjects was measured as they watched a black screen, then changes in their cold pain detection thresholds were evaluated as they watched the facial expressions. Subjects were asked to rate the pain intensity from the respective facial expressions. Changes of cold pain detection thresholds were compared and adjusted by the respective pain intensities. Only when watching the painful expression of a virtual agent did, the cold pain detection threshold increase significantly. By directly evaluating intuitive pain responses when observing facial expressions of a virtual agent, we found that we ‘share’ empathic neural responses, which can be intuitively emerge, according to observed pain intensity with a robot (a virtual agent).

scholarly journals Ejaculatory Pain

2007 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eske K. Aasvang ◽  
Bo Møhl ◽  
Henrik Kehlet
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Quantitative Sensory Testing ◽  
Groin Hernia ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sensory Testing ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Pain Detection

Background Sexual dysfunction due to ejaculatory and genital pain after groin hernia surgery may occur in approximately 2.5% of patients. However, the specific psychosexological and neurophysiologic characteristics have not been described, thereby precluding assessment of pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies. Methods Ten patients with severe pain-related sexual dysfunction and ejaculatory pain were assessed in detail by quantitative sensory testing and interviewed by a psychologist specialized in evaluating sexual functional disorders and were compared with a control group of 20 patients with chronic pain after groin hernia repair but without sexual dysfunction, to identify sensory changes associated with ejaculatory pain. Results Quantitative sensory testing showed significantly higher thermal and mechanical detection thresholds and lowered mechanical pain detection thresholds in both groups compared with the nonpainful side. Pressure pain detection threshold and tolerance were significantly lower in the ejaculatory pain group compared with the control group. 'The maximum pain was specifically located at the external inguinal annulus in all ejaculatory pain patients, but not in controls. The psychosexual interview revealed no major psychosexual disturbances and concluded that the pain was of somatic origin. All patients with ejaculatory pain had experienced major negative life changes and deterioration in their overall quality of life and sexual function as a result of the hernia operation. Conclusions Postherniotomy ejaculatory pain and pain-related sexual dysfunction is a specific chronic pain state that may be caused by pathology involving the vas deferens and/or nerve damage. Therapeutic strategies should therefore include neuropathic pain treatment and/or surgical exploration.

scholarly journals The Perception and Estimation of Others’ Pain according to Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Grégoire ◽  
Rosée Bruneau-Bhérer ◽  
Karine Morasse ◽  
Fanny Eugène ◽  
Philip L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Empathy For Pain ◽  
Pain Detection ◽  
Main Components

Accurate interpretation of pain expressed by others is important for socialization; however, the development of this skill in children is still poorly understood. Empathy for pain models propose two main components (affective and cognitive), which develop at different stages of life. The study’s objective was to investigate the children’s ability between 3 and 12 years of age to detect and assess the pain intensity in others using visual stimuli depicting either facial expressions of pain or hands in painful contexts. 40 preschool children and 62 school-aged children were recruited. Children observed series of stimuli and evaluated the pain intensity depicted. Results demonstrated that children as young as three years old were able to detect and assess pain in both types of stimuli and this ability continued to improve until the age of 12. Participants demonstrated better detection performance with hands than with faces. Results were coherent with the idea that the two types of stimuli presented recruit different processes. Pain detection in hands appears to rely mostly on affective sharing processes that are effective early in life, while older children’s higher ability to perceive pain in facial expressions suggests that this ability is associated with the gradual development of cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Pain Detection/Classification Framework including Face Recognition based on the Analysis of Facial Expressions for E-Health Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Intensity Scale ◽  
Classification Framework ◽  
Pain Detection ◽  
Patients With Special Needs

Facial expressions can demonstrate the presence and degree of pain of humans, which is a vital topic in E-healthcare domain specially for elderly people or patients with special needs. This paper presents a framework for pain detection, pain classification, and face recognition using feature extraction, feature selection, and classification techniques. Pain intensity is measured by Prkachin and Solomon pain intensity scale. Experimental results showed that the proposed framework is a promising one compared with previously works. It achieves 91% accuracy in pain detection, 99.89% accuracy in face recognition, and 78%, 92%, 88% accuracy, respectively, for all levels of pain classification

scholarly journals Simultaneous measurement of intra-epidermal electric detection thresholds and evoked potentials for observation of nociceptive processing following sleep deprivation

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boudewijn van den Berg ◽  
Hemme J. Hijma ◽  
Ingrid Koopmans ◽  
Robert J. Doll ◽  
Rob G. J. A. Zuiker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Double Pulse ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Nociceptive Processing

AbstractSleep deprivation has been shown to increase pain intensity and decrease pain thresholds in healthy subjects. In chronic pain patients, sleep impairment often worsens the perceived pain intensity. This increased pain perception is the result of altered nociceptive processing. We recently developed a method to quantify and monitor altered nociceptive processing by simultaneous tracking of psychophysical detection thresholds and recording of evoked cortical potentials during intra-epidermal electric stimulation. In this study, we assessed the sensitivity of nociceptive detection thresholds and evoked potentials to altered nociceptive processing after sleep deprivation in an exploratory study with 24 healthy male and 24 healthy female subjects. In each subject, we tracked nociceptive detection thresholds and recorded central evoked potentials in response to 180 single- and 180 double-pulse intra-epidermal electric stimuli. Results showed that the detection thresholds for single- and double-pulse stimuli and the average central evoked potential for single-pulse stimuli were significantly decreased after sleep deprivation. When analyzed separated by sex, these effects were only significant in the male population. Multivariate analysis showed that the decrease of central evoked potential was associated with a decrease of task-related evoked activity. Measurement repetition led to a decrease of the detection threshold to double-pulse stimuli in the mixed and the female population, but did not significantly affect any other outcome measures. These results suggest that simultaneous tracking of psychophysical detection thresholds and evoked potentials is a useful method to observe altered nociceptive processing after sleep deprivation, but is also sensitive to sex differences and measurement repetition.

scholarly journals Relationship between Sucrose Taste Detection Thresholds and Preferences in Children, Adolescents, and Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Petty ◽  
Clara Salame ◽  
Julie A. Mennella ◽  
Marta Yanina Pepino
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Taste Preferences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Taste Detection ◽  
Age Related Changes

To address gaps in knowledge, our objectives were to (1) to determine whether there are age-related changes in sweet taste detection thresholds, as has been observed for sweet taste preferences, and (2) determine whether detection thresholds and taste preferences were significantly related to each other from childhood to adulthood. We combined data from studies that used the same validated psychophysical techniques to measure sucrose taste detection threshold and the most preferred sucrose concentration in children (n = 108), adolescents (n = 172), and adults (n = 205). There were significant effects of age group on both sucrose detection thresholds (p < 0.001) and most preferred sucrose concentration (p < 0.001). While children had higher sucrose detection thresholds than adolescents, who in turn tended to have higher detection thresholds than adults, both children and adolescent most preferred sucrose concentrations were higher than that of adults (all p < 0.05). Among each age group, and when combined, the lowest sucrose concentration detected was not significantly correlated with the most preferred sucrose concentration (all p > 0.18). These data provide further evidence that age-related changes in sucrose taste preferences that occur during adolescence cannot be explained by changes in taste sensitivity and that these two dimensions of sweet taste undergo distinct developmental trajectories from childhood to adulthood.

Influence of intrinsic noise generated by a thermotesting device on thermal sensory detection and thermal pain detection thresholds

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pavlaković ◽  
K. Züchner ◽  
A. Zapf ◽  
C.G. Bachmann ◽  
B.M. Graf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Noise ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Thermal Pain ◽  
Pain Detection

scholarly journals Is Peripheral Motion Detection Affected by Myopia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhan Wei ◽  
Deying Kong ◽  
Xi Yu ◽  
Lili Wei ◽  
Yue Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Motion Detection ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Motion Speed

PurposeThe current study was to investigate whether myopia affected peripheral motion detection and whether the potential effect interacted with spatial frequency, motion speed, or eccentricity.MethodsSeventeen young adults aged 22–26 years participated in the study. They were six low to medium myopes [spherical equivalent refractions −1.0 to −5.0 D (diopter)], five high myopes (&lt;-5.5 D) and six emmetropes (+0.5 to −0.5 D). All myopes were corrected by self-prepared, habitual soft contact lenses. A four-alternative forced-choice task in which the subject was to determine the location of the phase-shifting Gabor from the four quadrants (superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal) of the visual field, was employed. The experiment was blocked by eccentricity (20° and 27°), spatial frequency (0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.0 cycles per degree (c/d) for 20° eccentricity, and 0.6, 1.2, 2.0, and 3.2 c/d for 27° eccentricity), as well as the motion speed [2 and 6 degree per second (d/s)].ResultsMixed-model analysis of variances showed no significant difference in the thresholds of peripheral motion detection between three refractive groups at either 20° (F[2,14] = 0.145, p = 0.866) or 27° (F[2,14] = 0.475, p = 0.632). At 20°, lower motion detection thresholds were associated with higher myopia (p &lt; 0.05) mostly for low spatial frequency and high-speed targets in the nasal and superior quadrants, and for high spatial frequency and high-speed targets in the temporal quadrant in myopic viewers. Whereas at 27°, no significant correlation was found between the spherical equivalent and the peripheral motion detection threshold under all conditions (all p &gt; 0.1). Spatial frequency, speed, and quadrant of the visual field all showed significant effect on the peripheral motion detection threshold.ConclusionThere was no significant difference between the three refractive groups in peripheral motion detection. However, lower motion detection thresholds were associated with higher myopia, mostly for low spatial frequency targets, at 20° in myopic viewers.

scholarly journals KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL PROFETIK DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN PESANTREN DI KABUPATEN JEMBER

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Umiarso Umiarso
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Intellectual Stimulation ◽  
Integrative Education ◽  
Idealized Influence ◽  
Individual Consideration ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Mind ◽  
New Good

Abstract Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) has been continuously aligning its educational system with the needs of society and the times. The development of pesantren is inseparable from the role of kiai in carrying out the institutional transformation. This study focuses on transformational leadership of the kiai in developing the pesantren institution. The results of this study indicate that the concept of developing pesantren is transcultural with the principle of "accepting a new good culture and preserving the old one that is still relevant", based on the vision and mission, directed at an integrative education system which combines the mind and heart traditions using rational domain and spirituality in order to achieve worldly (profanistic) and ukhrawi (sacralistic) goals; transformational leadership styles of a kiai include idealized influence behavior, inspirational inspiration, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, and individual spiritual greatness; and the implications of transformational leadership include two dimensions, namely the human resources and institutional resources. Therefore, this leadership can be said to be prophetic transformational leadership with the addition of individual spiritual greatness (Five I'S). Keywords: Kiai, Transformational Leadership, and Pesantren   Abstrak: Pesantren secara kontinu menyelaraskan sistem kependidikannya dengan kebutuhan masyarakat serta perkembangan zaman. Pengembangan pesantren tidak terlepas dari peran kiai dalam melakukan transformasi kelembagaan. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada kepemimpinan transformasional kiai dalam mengembangkan kelembagaan pesantren. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep pengembangan pesantren bersifat transkultural dengan prinsip “menerima budaya baru yang baik dan melestarikan budaya lama yang masih relevan”, berpijak pada visi dan misi, diarahkan pada sistem pendidikan integratif yang memadukan antara tradisi akal dan hati menggunakan domain rasional dan spiritualitas untuk mencapai tujuan yang bersifat duniawi (profanistik) dan ukhrawi (sakralistik); gaya kepemimpinan transformasional kiai meliputi perilaku idealized influence, inspirational inspiration, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration, dan individual spiritual greatness; dan implikasi kepemimpinan transformasional meliputi dua dimensi, yaitu dimensi sumberdaya manusia dan kelembagaan. Karenanya, kepemimpinan ini dapat dikatakan kepemimpinan transformasional profetik dengan penambahan individual spiritual greatness (Five I’S). Kata Kunci: Kiai, Kepemimpinan Transformasional, dan Pesantren  

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