Supplemental Material for An Empirical Comparison of the Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on the Executive Functions of Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials

2014 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits

scholarly journals COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE TRAINING, WITH OR WITHOUT EXERCISE, TO PROMOTE COGNITIVE FUNCTION: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S55-S56
Author(s):  
Lisanne F ten Brinke ◽  
John R Best ◽  
Joey L Chan ◽  
Cheyenne Ghag ◽  
Kirk I Erickson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Computerized Cognitive Training ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
At Home

Abstract Given the world’s aging population, it is important to identify strategies that promote healthy cognitive aging. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) may be a promising method to combat cognitive decline in older adults. Moreover, physical exercise immediately prior to CCT might provide additional cognitive benefits. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of a CCT intervention, alone or preceded by physical exercise, on memory and executive functions in older adults. 124 community-dwelling older adults aged 65-85 years were randomly assigned to either 8-weeks of: 1) 3x/week group-based CCT plus 3x/week CCT sessions at home; 2) 3x/week group-based CCT combined with a 15-minute brisk walk (Ex-CCT) plus 3x/week Ex-CCT sessions at home; or 3)3x/week group-based sham exercise and education sessions (CON). At baseline and 8-weeks standard neuropsychological tests of verbal memory and learning and executive functions were administered, including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Stroop test, Flanker test, Trail Making Tests (TMT B-A), and Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) Test. At trial completion, there were no differences in RAVLT performance. Compared with CON, FBT and Ex-FBT participants significantly improved performance on the Stroop test (p = .001 and p = .023, respectively). Additionally, those randomized to Ex-CCT improved performance on the Flanker test (p = .002), TMT B-A (p = .047), and the DCCS Test (p = .023) compared with BAT. These findings suggest that an 8-week CCT program could benefit executive functions, and that implementing exercise immediately prior to CCT could provide broader benefits.

scholarly journals Effects of Combined Physical Activity and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Qianqian Sun ◽  
Shurui Xu ◽  
Shuai Guo ◽  
Yue You ◽  
Rui Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Cognitive Interventions

Background. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized as the earliest prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Emerging studies explored the effects of combined physical activity and cognitive training interventions on cognitive ability, psychological well-being, and emotion of older adults with SCD, but the results are now still controversial. Objective. This study systematically evaluated the enhancement effects of the combined physical-cognitive interventions on memory self-efficacy, objective cognitive function, psychological well-being, and emotion of older adults with SCD. Methods. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang degree and conference papers database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical (VIP) databases from their inception to 28 February 2020, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library, 2020, Issue 3), and the reference lists of all retrieved articles were searched. Data analysis and bias risk evaluation were conducted in 2020. Two reviewers (SG and YY) independently evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies using the RoB 2 tool. Results. Eleven RCTs involving 1713 participants with SCD (age 68.0 ± 6.1) were included for review and meta-analysis. The interventions in the included studies were physical activity combined with cognitive training. Multiple-modality exercise with mind-motor training, supervised strategy-based memory training sequentially after stationary cycling, Dejian Mind-Body intervention, and physical activity and cognitive stimulation were also practiced. Conclusions. Compared to the active or nonactive control groups, the combined interventions are effective in improving objective cognitive function in SCD which may show the potential value of combined physical-cognitive interventions in improving objective cognitive ability and preventing the conversion of SCD to MCI or AD and no adverse effects. However, owing to the limitations of the included studies, these findings should be interpreted cautiously.

scholarly journals Combined physical and cognitive training for older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Malmberg Gavelin ◽  
Christopher Dong ◽  
Ruth Minkov ◽  
Alex Bahar-Fuchs ◽  
Kathryn A Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Physical Outcomes

AbstractCombining physical exercise with cognitive training is a popular intervention in dementia prevention trials and guidelines. However, it remains unclear what combination strategies are most beneficial for cognitive and physical outcomes. We aimed to compare the efficacy of the three main types of combination strategies (simultaneous, sequential or exergaming) to either intervention alone or control in older adults. Randomized controlled trials of combined cognitive and physical training were included in multivariate and network meta-analyses. In cognitively healthy older adults and mild cognitive impairment, the effect of any combined intervention relative to control was small and statistically significant for overall cognitive (k=41, Hedges’ g = 0.22, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.30) and physical function (k=32, g = 0.25, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.37). Simultaneous training was the most efficacious approach for cognition, followed by sequential combinations and cognitive training alone, and significantly better than physical exercise. For physical outcomes, simultaneous and sequential training showed comparable efficacy as exercise alone and significantly exceeded all other control conditions. Exergaming ranked low for both outcomes. Our findings suggest that simultaneously and sequentially combined interventions are efficacious for promoting cognitive alongside physical health in older adults, and therefore should be preferred over implementation of single-domain training.

scholarly journals Effect of Combined Physical and Cognitive Interventions on Executive Functions in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6166
Author(s):  
Wei Guo ◽  
Ming Zang ◽  
Sebastian Klich ◽  
Adam Kawczyński ◽  
Małgorzata Smoter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Interventions ◽  
Single Intervention

Background: Both physical exercise and cognitive training can effectively improve executive functions in older adults. However, whether physical activity combined with cognitive training is more effective than a single intervention remains controversial. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of combined physical and cognitive interventions on executive functions in older adults aged 65–80 years old. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of combined physical and cognitive interventions on executive functions in older adults were searched using the Web of Science, Elsevier Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Springer-Link, and NATURE databases. Data extraction and quality evaluation were done by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, V3. Results: A total of 21 studies were included. The results showed that the combined physical and cognitive interventions produced significantly larger gains in executive functions, compared to the control group (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.14, 0.39], p < 0.01). Furthermore, the effects of the combined physical and cognitive interventions were moderated by the study quality, intervention length, and intervention frequency. No significant differences were found between the combined interventions and the physical intervention alone (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.33], p > 0.05) or the cognitive intervention alone (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI [−0.05, 0.30], p > 0.05). Conclusions: The combined physical and cognitive interventions effectively delayed the decrease of executive functions in older adults and this effect was influenced by the length and frequency of the intervention as well as the research quality. However, the effect of the combined physical and cognitive interventions was not significantly better than that of each intervention alone.

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