Do normal personality traits connect to the dynamic processes of psychopathology?

Author(s):  
Kelly Miskewicz ◽  
R. Michael Furr ◽  
William Fleeson
2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Delvecchio ◽  
M. Bellani ◽  
A. C. Altamura ◽  
P. Brambilla

Evidence from previous studies has reported that complex traits, including psychiatric disorders, are moderately to highly heritable. Moreover, it has also been shown that specific personality traits may increase the risk to develop mental illnesses. Therefore the focus of the research shifted towards the identification of the biological mechanisms underpinning these traits by exploring the effects of a constellation of genetic polymorphisms in healthy subjects. Indeed, studying the effect of genetic variants in normal personality provides a unique means for identifying candidate genes which may increase the risk for psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the impact of two of the most frequently studied genetic polymorphisms on personality in healthy subjects, the 5-HTT polymorphism of the serotonin transporter and the DRD2/DRD4 polymorphisms of the D2/D4 dopamine's receptors. The main aims are: (a) to highlight that the study of candidate genes provides a fruitful ground for the identification of the biological underpinnings of personality without, though, reaching a general consensus about the strength of this relationship; and (b) to outline that the research in personality genetics should be expanded to provide a clearer picture of the heritability of personality traits.


2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. e2017548118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam Stieger ◽  
Christoph Flückiger ◽  
Dominik Rüegger ◽  
Tobias Kowatsch ◽  
Brent W. Roberts ◽  
...  

Personality traits predict important life outcomes, such as success in love and work life, well-being, health, and longevity. Given these positive relations to important outcomes, economists, policy makers, and scientists have proposed intervening to change personality traits to promote positive life outcomes. However, nonclinical interventions to change personality traits are lacking so far in large-scale naturalistic populations. This study (n = 1,523) examined the effects of a 3-mo digital personality change intervention using a randomized controlled trial and the smartphone application PEACH (PErsonality coACH). Participants who received the intervention showed greater self-reported changes compared to participants in the waitlist control group who had to wait 1 mo before receiving the intervention. Self-reported changes aligned with intended goals for change and were significant for those desiring to increase on a trait (d = 0.52) and for those desiring to decrease on a trait (d = −0.58). Observers such as friends, family members, or intimate partners also detected significant personality changes in the desired direction for those desiring to increase on a trait (d = 0.35). Observer-reported changes for those desiring to decrease on a trait were not significant (d = −0.22). Moreover, self- and observer-reported changes persisted until 3 mo after the end of the intervention. This work provides the strongest evidence to date that normal personality traits can be changed through intervention in nonclinical samples.


Author(s):  
Susan C. South ◽  
Thomas F. Oltmanns ◽  
Robert F. Krueger

The concept of personality disorder has existed throughout the history of psychology and psychiatry. The ten current personality disorders (PDs) listed in the DSM-IV are conceived of as distinct syndromes. Nevertheless, DSM-IV PDs overlap extensively with each other, with normal personality traits, and with Axis I psychopathology. Thus, many investigators suggest that, in DSM-5, the classification system for PDs should be revised to better reflect the closeness of the links between personality and psychopathology, perhaps by linking both constructs within broader spectrums of psychopathological variation. The most common and well-accepted suggestion is that the categorical diagnoses of DSM-IV should be replaced with a dimensional model of pathological personality traits, and the links between personality traits and more syndromal forms of psychopathology (Axis I disorders) should also be explicitly articulated. In this chapter, we review current research on how PDs are linked with broad spectrums of personality and psychopathology. Specifically, we examine (1) evidence relevant to the etiology and course of PDs, (2) how these disorders can best be assessed, and (3) evidence regarding the most effective practices in the treatment of PDs, with the aim of articulating how etiology, course, assessment, and treatment of PDs might be conceptualized in a spectrum-based classification system.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Andrew E. MacNeily ◽  
Lynn Alden ◽  
Eric Webber ◽  
Kourosh Afshar

Background: Our objective was to compare personality traitsbetween urologists and other surgeons, as well as between surgeonsand non-surgeons.Methods: Eighty-six surgeons (57 faculty, 29 residents) completedthe Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), a validatedmeasure of normal personality traits. Subjects agree or disagreewith 240 statements to generate a score in each of the 5 major charactertraits: extraversion (E), openness (O), conscientiousness (C),agreeableness (A) and neuroticism (N). Each factor is subdividedinto 6 component facets. Scores for urology faculty and residentswere compared to the other surgical groups and 21 pediatricians.Results: The 3 groups differed significantly on extraversion(p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses indicated that urologists obtainedsignificantly higher extraversion scores than other surgeons(p < 0.05) and non-surgeons (p < 0.001) Other surgeons also scoredsignificantly higher than non-surgeons on the extraversion factor(p < 0.05). No significant differences emerged on openness, conscientiousness,agreeableness or neuroticism. Of the 6 extraversionfacets, urologists obtained significantly higher scores on gregariousnessand excitement-seeking (p < 0.05) than non-urologist surgeons,and significantly higher scores on gregariousness (p < 0.05),activity (p < 0.01), excitement seeking (p < 0.001), and positiveemotions (p < 0.05) than non-surgeons. Non-urologist surgeonsobtained significantly higher scores than non-surgeons on Activityand Excitement-seeking (p < 0.01).There were no significant differencesin the facets of warmth or assertiveness.Interpretation: Urologists appear to be more extraverted comparedto other surgeons. Both groups of surgeons were more extravertedthan non-surgeons. If these findings can be confirmed on a widerbasis, the data may be helpful in resident selection, mentoring,evaluation and career counselling.Contexte : Notre objectif était de comparer des urologues à d’autreschirurgiens, ainsi que des chirurgiens avec des médecins nonchirurgiens, sur le plan de certains traits de personnalité.Méthodologie : Quatre-vingt-six chirurgiens (57 membres du personneluniversitaire, 29 résidents) ont rempli le questionnaire NEOPI-R (Revised NEO Personality Inventory), un instrument validé demesure de traits normaux de la personnalité. Les sujets doiventindiquer leur accord ou désaccord avec 240 énoncés et obtiennentainsi un score pour chacun des 5 principaux traits de personnalité: extraversion (E), ouverture (O), caractère consciencieux(C), personnalité agréable (A) et névrosisme (N). Chaque facteurest sous-divisé en 6 facettes. Les scores pour les urologues et lesrésidents ont été comparés à ceux d’autres groupes de chirurgienset à ceux de 21 pédiatres.Résultats : Les 3 groupes différaient de façon significative sur leplan de l’extraversion (p < 0,001). Les analyses ultérieures ontindiqué que les urologues avaient obtenu des scores significativementplus élevés sur le plan de l’extraversion que les autreschirurgiens (p < 0,05) et les médecins non-chirurgiens (p < 0,001).Les autres chirurgiens ont aussi obtenu des scores significativementplus élevés que les non-chirurgiens pour l’extraversion (p < 0,05).Aucune différence significative n’est ressortie quant à l’ouverture,au caractère consciencieux, à la personnalité agréable ou au névrosisme.Sur les 6 facettes de l’extraversion, les urologues ont obtenudes scores significativement plus élevés pour l’instinct grégaire etla recherche de stimulation (p < 0,05) par rapport aux chirurgiensnon-urologues, et des scores significativement plus élevés pourl’instinct grégaire (p < 0,05), le niveau d’activité (p < 0,01), larecherche de stimulation (p < 0,001), et les émotions positives(p < 0,05) par rapport aux médecins non-chirurgiens. Les chirurgiensnon-urologues ont obtenu des scores significativement plusélevés que les médecins non-chirurgiens quant au niveau d’activitéet à la recherche de stimulation (p < 0,01). On n’a noté aucunedifférence significative pour les facettes de la personnalité chaleureuseou de l’affirmation de soi.Interprétation : Il semble que les urologues soient plus extravertisque les autres chirurgiens. Les deux groupes de chirurgiens étaientplus extravertis que les non-chirurgiens. Si ces résultats sont confirmésdans un échantillon plus important, les données pourraient aider à la sélection des résidents, au mentorat, à l’évaluation et au counselling professionnel.


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