Ensemble statistics shape face adaptation and the cheerleader effect.

This chapter explores the roots of Irish foreign, security, and defence policy, placing them in the context of a deeply pragmatic approach to public policy. Those roots are defined in terms of nationalism, solidarity, and global justice, which are themselves deep markers within Irish political culture. Ireland’s pragmatic approach is then grounded in a meticulously crafted rhetoric surrounding key foreign policy priorities but an associated reluctance to devote substantial resources towards these foreign policy and defence goals. Together, this gives rise to an assessment that the interests of smaller and less powerful states such as Ireland are best defended within legitimate, strong, and effective multilateral institutions such as the UN—even as the state continues to face adaptation challenges arising from a deepening foreign, security, and defence policy engagement within the EU.

Download Full-text

Wave component analysis of energy flow in complex structures–Part II: ensemble statistics

Journal of Sound and Vibration ◽

10.1016/j.jsv.2004.08.026 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 285 (1-2) ◽

pp. 229-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E.C.N. Wester ◽

B.R. Mace

Keyword(s):

Energy Flow ◽

Component Analysis ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Wave Component ◽

Ensemble Statistics

Download Full-text

What is adapted in face adaptation? A study of the representation of expression in the human visual system

Journal of Vision ◽

10.1167/6.6.684 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 684-684

Author(s):

C. J. Fox ◽

J. J. S. Barton

Keyword(s):

Visual System ◽

Human Visual System ◽

Face Adaptation

Download Full-text

An explicit investigation of the roles that feature distributions play in rapid visual categorization

10.31234/osf.io/w5thg ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hee Yeon Im ◽

Natalia Tiurina ◽

Igor Utochkin

Keyword(s):

Visual System ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Visual Array ◽

Visual Categorization ◽

Range Distribution ◽

Distribution Shape ◽

Ensemble Statistics ◽

Distributional Information ◽

Ensemble Representations

Ensemble representations are often described as efficient tools when summarizing features of multiple similar objects as a group. However, it can sometimes be more useful not to compute a single summary description for all of the objects if they are substantially different, for example, when they belong to entirely different categories. It was proposed that the visual system can efficiently use the distributional information of ensembles to decide whether simultaneously displayed items belong to single or several different categories. Here we directly tested how the feature distribution of items in a visual array affects an ability to discriminate individual items (Experiment 1) and sets (Experiments 2-3) when participants were instructed explicitly to categorize individual objects based on the median of size distribution. We varied the width (narrow or fat) as well as the shape (smooth or two-peaked) of distributions in order to manipulate the ease of ensemble extraction from the items. We found that observers unintentionally relied on the grand mean as a natural categorical boundary and that their categorization accuracy increased as a function of the size differences among individual items and a function of their separation from the grand mean. For ensembles drawn from two-peaked size distributions, participants showed better categorization performance. They were more accurate at judging within-category ensemble properties in other dimensions (centroid and orientation) and less biased by superset statistics. This finding corroborates the idea that the two-peaked feature distributions support the “segmentability” of spatially intermixed sets of objects. Our results emphasize important roles of ensemble statistics (mean, range, distribution shape) in explicit visual categorization.

Download Full-text

Face Adaptation—Investigating Nonconfigural Saturation Alterations

i-Perception ◽

10.1177/20416695211056362 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 204166952110563

Author(s):

Ronja Mueller ◽

Sandra Utz ◽

Claus-Christian Carbon ◽

Tilo Strobach

Keyword(s):

Color Information ◽

Good Tool ◽

Adaptation Studies ◽

Facial Memory ◽

Face Images ◽

The Face ◽

Facial Changes ◽

Face Stimuli ◽

Face Adaptation ◽

Adaptation Effects

Recognizing familiar faces requires a comparison of the incoming perceptual information with mental face representations stored in memory. Mounting evidence indicates that these representations adapt quickly to recently perceived facial changes. This becomes apparent in face adaptation studies where exposure to a strongly manipulated face alters the perception of subsequent face stimuli: original, non-manipulated face images then appear to be manipulated, while images similar to the adaptor are perceived as “normal.” The face adaptation paradigm serves as a good tool for investigating the information stored in facial memory. So far, most of the face adaptation studies focused on configural (second-order relationship) face information, mainly neglecting non-configural face information (i.e., that does not affect spatial face relations), such as color, although several (non-adaptation) studies were able to demonstrate the importance of color information in face perception and identification. The present study therefore focuses on adaptation effects on saturation color information and compares the results with previous findings on brightness. The study reveals differences in the effect pattern and robustness, indicating that adaptation effects vary considerably even within the same class of non-configural face information.

Download Full-text