Long-range transport of photochemical ozone in north-western Europe

Environmental contextThe occurrence of pesticides in remote areas such as high mountains and the Arctic demands an understanding of their regional environmental fate. We investigate the levels and sources of currently used pesticides and legacy pesticides in the air and seawater of the German Bight. Volatilisation from local surfaces and long-range transport were the major sources of these chemicals to the air, whereas riverine input and atmospheric deposition by air–seawater exchange were the main sources of these chemicals to the seawater. AbstractSurface seawater and air samples collected from the German Bight (North Sea) in March, May and July 2010 were analysed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), five currently used pesticides (CUPs) (trifluralin, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, dacthal and quintozene) and pentachloroanisole (metabolite). Volatilisation from local surfaces was considered to be the main source of these chemicals to the air (excluding trifluralin). Long-range transport from Western Europe partly contributed to the higher air concentrations observed in July whereas riverine input was the main source for HCHs and pentachloroanisole in seawater in March. Air–sea gas exchange of HCB and α-HCH in the German Bight was found to be near equilibrium, probably reflecting the past use of these chemicals, their wide dispersal in the environment and lack of contemporary use. Deposition of target compounds from the air to seawater was observed to be much higher in July compared with depositional fluxes for March and May, except for chlorpyrifos (with volatilisation fluxes in all sampling periods: ~25 ng m–2 day–1). Concentrations of trifluralin in seawater appear to have decreased since its restriction of use in European Union member states, with net volatilisation from seawater observed in March (flux: 6.3 ± 7.2 ng m–2 day–1). With the exception of chlorpyrifos, our results indicate that volatilisation from local sources combined with long-range transport from Western Europe and subsequent deposition are important pathways for these compounds to German Bight seawater during summer periods.

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SIEĆ OSADNICZA I SZLAKI KOMUNIKACYJNE NA ZACHÓD OD POZNAŃSKIEGO PRZEŁOMU WARTY W STARSZYCH FAZACH WCZESNEGO ŚREDNIOWIECZA

Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim ◽

10.14746/sa.2021.62.6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 115-146

Author(s):

Ewa Pawlak

Keyword(s):

Long Range ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Long Range Transport ◽

The West ◽

Early Middle Ages ◽

The North ◽

Range Transport ◽

North Western ◽

Over Time

In the oldest stages of the early Middle Ages, the settlements located between the Warta and the Obra were concentrated predominantly in a few areas: between the Warta, the Sama and the Samica Stęszewska, in the vicinity of Pniewy and Lwówek, and to the west of Sieraków. The resulting structure, over time supplemented with settlement clusters in Opalenica Plain, formed the basis for a network of gords established in the 9th and the early 10th centuries. The arrangement of hamlets and gords allowed to reconstruct long-range transport routes connecting these regions with south Wielkopolska, Lusatia as well as the north-western Slavic domains.

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The dispersion of sulphur pollutants over western Europe

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.1979.0012 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 290 (1376) ◽

pp. 523-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Keyword(s):

Long Range ◽

Western Europe ◽

Statistical Modelling ◽

Long Range Transport ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Detailed Modelling ◽

Range Transport ◽

Episodic Nature

The various problems associated with the dispersion, advection and deposition of sulphur pollutants emitted into the atmosphere are reviewed in the light of experience gained during several long-range transport projects, in particular the O.E.C.D. project recently completed over western Europe. Modelling and budgeting the exchange of pollution between countries is briefly discussed and it is noted that although ‘statistical’ modelling may be satisfactory when considering long-term effects, the episodic nature of deposition and the complex meteorological flows often associated with these abnormally high depositions suggests that smaller-scale and detailed modelling is required if these situations are to be properly understood and forecast.

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