scholarly journals Tracking Brownian motion in three dimensions and characterization of individual nanoparticles using a fiber-based high-finesse microcavity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Kohler ◽  
Matthias Mader ◽  
Christian Kern ◽  
Martin Wegener ◽  
David Hunger
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Transverse Modes ◽  
Direct Laser ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Individual Nanoparticles ◽  
High Finesse

AbstractThe dynamics of nanosystems in solution contain a wealth of information with relevance for diverse fields ranging from materials science to biology and biomedical applications. When nanosystems are marked with fluorophores or strong scatterers, it is possible to track their position and reveal internal motion with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, markers can be toxic, expensive, or change the object’s intrinsic properties. Here, we simultaneously measure dispersive frequency shifts of three transverse modes of a high-finesse microcavity to obtain the three-dimensional path of unlabeled SiO2 nanospheres with 300 μs temporal and down to 8 nm spatial resolution. This allows us to quantitatively determine properties such as the polarizability, hydrodynamic radius, and effective refractive index. The fiber-based cavity is integrated in a direct-laser-written microfluidic device that enables the precise control of the fluid with ultra-small sample volumes. Our approach enables quantitative nanomaterial characterization and the analysis of biomolecular motion at high bandwidth.

scholarly journals Tracking Brownian motion in three dimensions and characterization of individual nanoparticles using a fiber-based high-finesse microcavity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Kohler ◽  
Matthias Mader ◽  
Christian Kern ◽  
Martin Wegener ◽  
David Hunger
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Direct Laser ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Individual Nanoparticles ◽  
High Finesse

Abstract The dynamics of nanosystems in solution contains a wealth of information with relevance for diverse fields ranging from materials science to biology and biomedical applications. When nanosystems are marked with fluorophores or strong scatterers, it is possible to track their position and reveal internal motion with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, markers can be toxic, expensive, or change the object's intrinsic properties. Here, we simultaneously measure dispersive frequency shifts of three transversal modes of a high-finesse microcavity to obtain the three-dimensional path of unlabeled SiO2 nanospheres with 300μs temporal and down to 8nm spatial resolution. This allows us to quantitatively determine properties such as the polarizability, hydrodynamic radius, and effective refractive index. The fiber-based cavity is integrated in a direct-laser-written microfluidic device that enables the precise control of the fluid with ultra-small sample volumes. Our approach enables quantitative nanomaterial characterization and the analysis of biomolecular motion at high bandwidth.

The Use and Refinement of Neutron Imaging Techniques for Archaeological Artifacts

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Krysta Ryzewski ◽  
Hassina Z. Bilheux ◽  
Susan N. Herringer ◽  
Jean-Christophe Bilheux ◽  
Lakeisha Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neutron Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Dual Objectives ◽  
Archaeological Objects

AbstractNeutron imaging is a nondestructive application capable of producing two- and three-dimensional maps of archaeological objects’ external and internal structure, properties, and composition. This report presents the recent development of neutron imaging data collection and processing methods at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which have been advanced, in part, by information gathered from the experimental imaging of 25 archaeological objects over the past three years. The dual objectives of these imaging experiments included (1) establishing the first methodological procedures for the neutron imaging of archaeomaterials involving the CG-1D beamline and (2) further illustrating the potential of neutron imaging for archaeologists to use in the reverse engineering of ancient and historical objects. Examples of objects imaged in two and three dimensions are provided to highlight the application’s strengths and limitations for archaeological investigations, especially those that address ancient and historic technologies, materials science, and conservation issues.

scholarly journals Super-resolved 3D mapping of molecular orientation with vibrational techniques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Koziol ◽  
Karolina Kosowska ◽  
Danuta Liberda ◽  
Ferenc Borondics ◽  
Tomasz Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
Sample Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Concurrent Analysis

When a sample has an anisotropic structure, it is possible to obtain different information, when changing polarization of incident light. Using polarized light of a single vibrational band to determine the in-plane orientation and internal ordering of a sample is a typical practice in materials science. Acquiring mapping data at four different polarizations with a stationary sample than just at two polarizations offers much more insight into the sample structure with proper mathematical treatment. A concurrent analysis of two vibrational bands with perpendicular transition moment orientations allows the understanding of the orientational ordering in three dimensions. We show here, to the best of our knowledge, the first application of concurrent analysis to IR spectromicroscopy data and obtain orientation angles of a model spherulite polycaprolactone sample. Moreover, we show that this method can be easily applied to high resolution, diffraction limited FT-IR and Raman imaging and even to sub-diffraction limit O-PTIR imaging. Due to the non-tomographic experimental approach, no image distortion is visible and nanometer scale orientation domains can be observed. 3D bond orientation maps will enable in-depth characterization of sample structure in a quantitative manner enabling more precise control of their physicochemical properties and function.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional canine loop for management of buccally erupted canines

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 229-231
Author(s):  
Praveen Mehrotra ◽  
Jitendra Bhagchandani ◽  
Sonahita Agarwal ◽  
Anchit Thukral
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Sequential Control ◽  
Clinical Innovation ◽  
Maximum Comfort ◽  
Root Movement

Maxillary canines are known as the cornerstones of mouth. They are considered to be important for esthetics and for functional occlusion. Any disturbance in the eruption process leading to an aberrant position will hamper esthetics as well as function. Orthodontic tooth movement of total buccally blocked-out canine is usually difficult as it is related with the problems of severe crowding, midline deviation, involvement of long root movement and risk of gingival recession. Such conditions can be treated orthodontically in various ways, but this clinical innovation helps to correct the buccally placed canines into the arch with a precise control of the canine in all the Three-dimensions (3D) of space as well as providing maximum comfort to the patient by placing the canine loop on the palatal surface of the tooth, reducing soreness on the labial mucosa. It can be easily fabricated and activated at chairside for either simultaneous or sequential control in 3D.

scholarly journals Durward W. J. Cruickshank. 7 March 1924—13 July 2007

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
B. Beagley ◽  
J. R. Helliwell
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Crystal Structure Analysis ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
X Ray

Durward Cruickshank was an eminent crystallographer and structural chemist, whose mathematical abilities transformed the precision of the molecular structures determined in three dimensions by X-ray crystal structure analysis. This technique is very widely applied to determine the three-dimensional (3D) shapes of molecules of importance in biology, chemistry, mineralogy, materials science and physics. Durward's first publication was on this topic, with Sir Gordon Cox. It represents a lifelong interest of Durward in the precision of crystal structure analysis and extended also to gas-phase electron diffraction. His research publications spanned an amazing 60 years and he had a direct influence on over 900 000 chemical crystal structures, the number currently determined and held in the Cambridge Structure Database alone. Proteins took his attention for research in his last decade, and his diffraction precision index (DPI) indicator of the precision of a protein structure is added regularly to entries in the Protein Data Bank. In his ‘retirement’ he contributed, with one of the authors of this memoir, J.R.H., and various colleagues in the UK and the USA, to the development of the ‘Laue diffraction’ white beam synchrotron method, applied today to sub-nanosecond X-ray crystallography measurement techniques, and also to study micron sized, i.e. tiny, crystal samples. The method has also led ultimately to more effective exploitation of neutron beams from research reactors for crystallographic studies of the hydrogenation details of molecules.

Design and Modeling of an Active Five-Axis Compliant Micromanipulator

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Jayanth ◽  
C. H. Menq
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Actuation System ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Tip Position ◽  
Five Axis

This paper presents the design and modeling of an active five-axis compliant micromanipulator whose tip orientation can be independently controlled by large angles about two axes and the tip-position can be controlled in three dimensions. These features enable precise control of the contact point of the tip and the tip–sample interaction forces with three-dimensional nanoscale objects, including those features that are conventionally inaccessible. Control of the tip-motion is realized by means of electromagnetic actuation combined with a novel kinematic and structural design of the micromanipulator, which, in addition, also ensures compatibility with existing high-resolution motion-measurement systems. The design and analysis of the manipulator structure and those of the actuation system are first presented. Quasi-static and dynamic lumped-parameter (LP) models are then derived for the five-axis compliant micromanipulator. Finite element (FE) analysis is employed to validate these models, which are subsequently used to study the effects of tip orientation on the mechanical characteristics of the five-axis micromanipulator. Finally, a prototype of the designed five-axis manipulator is fabricated by means of focused ion-beam milling (FIB).

scholarly journals Super-resolved 3D mapping of molecular orientation with vibrational techniques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Koziol ◽  
Karolina Kosowska ◽  
Danuta Liberda ◽  
Ferenc Borondics ◽  
Tomasz Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
Sample Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Concurrent Analysis

When a sample has an anisotropic structure, it is possible to obtain different information, when changing polarization of incident light. Using polarized light of a single vibrational band to determine the in-plane orientation and internal ordering of a sample is a typical practice in materials science. Acquiring mapping data at four different polarizations with a stationary sample than just at two polarizations offers much more insight into the sample structure with proper mathematical treatment. A concurrent analysis of two vibrational bands with perpendicular transition moment orientations allows the understanding of the orientational ordering in three dimensions. We show here, to the best of our knowledge, the first application of concurrent analysis to IR spectromicroscopy data and obtain orientation angles of a model spherulite polycaprolactone sample. Moreover, we show that this method can be easily applied to high resolution, diffraction limited FT-IR and Raman imaging and even to sub-diffraction limit O-PTIR imaging. Due to the non-tomographic experimental approach, no image distortion is visible and nanometer scale orientation domains can be observed. 3D bond orientation maps will enable in-depth characterization of sample structure in a quantitative manner enabling more precise control of their physicochemical properties and function.

convergent-beam diffraction from surfaces

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
J. A. Eades ◽  
A. E. Smith ◽  
D. F. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Plane Figure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Patterns ◽  
Beam Diffraction

It is quite simple (in the transmission electron microscope) to obtain convergent-beam patterns from the surface of a bulk crystal. The beam is focussed onto the surface at near grazing incidence (figure 1) and if the surface is flat the appropriate pattern is obtained in the diffraction plane (figure 2). Such patterns are potentially valuable for the characterization of surfaces just as normal convergent-beam patterns are valuable for the characterization of crystals.There are, however, several important ways in which reflection diffraction from surfaces differs from the more familiar electron diffraction in transmission.GeometryIn reflection diffraction, because of the surface, it is not possible to describe the specimen as periodic in three dimensions, nor is it possible to associate diffraction with a conventional three-dimensional reciprocal lattice.

Extension of the Spatial PDI Model to Three Dimensions

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Author(s):  
Frank O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Finite Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The author's population density index ( PDI) model is extended to three-dimensional distributions. A derived formula is presented that allows for the calculation of the lower and upper bounds of density in three-dimensional space for any finite lattice.

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