scholarly journals Role of landslides on the volume balance of the Nepal 2015 earthquake sequence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Valagussa ◽  
P. Frattini ◽  
E. Valbuzzi ◽  
G. B. Crosta
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Landslide Inventory ◽  
Nepal Earthquake ◽  
Volume Balance ◽  
Landslide Volume ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
2015 Nepal Earthquake

AbstractThe 7.8 Mw earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25th, 2015 triggered over 21,000 landslides over an area of more than 25,000 km2. These landslides contributed to mass wasting, partially compensating the tectonic uplift by the earthquake. In this paper we quantify the volume balance resulting from the 2015 earthquake uplift (or subsidence) and landslide erosion. Starting from a new complete earthquake-induced landslide inventory, we calculated landslide volume by adopting different strategies for low-mobility and high-mobility landslides, considering also the potential supply of sediments to the drainage network. The results show that the contribution of earthquake-induced landslides to erosion is about one order of magnitude smaller than the vertical coseismic displacement. We found landslide volume values, due to the 2015 Nepal earthquake, ranging between 251 (− 15/ + 16) Mm3 up to 1503 (− 183/ + 210) Mm3 based on the adopted method, and a volume due to coseismic vertical displacement of 2134 (± 1269) Mm3 for the whole area. The volume balance of the 2015 Nepal earthquake is strongly dominated by tectonic displacement. We show that these estimates depend on several uncertainties. We identified and quantified uncertainties related to: (1) the choice of empirical volume-area scaling relationships and their parameters; (2) the completeness and quality of landslide inventory through comparison with available inventories; (3) the approach adopted for the assessment of elongated landslide volume; (4) the InSAR displacement data.

scholarly journals Hydroacoustical regularities of food behavior of dolphins

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
V. A. Ryabov
Keyword(s):  
Radial Velocity ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Food Behavior ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Hydroacoustic regularities of food behavior of dolphins are determined by characteristics and functionality of their acoustic signals. All the acoustic signals of dolphins are classified depending on their physical characteristics by the theory of signals and echolocation as follows: sequences of ultrashort ultrawideband coherent pulses – ‘clicks’, frequency-modulated (FM) simultones with uniformly distributed tones – ‘whistles’, packets of mutually coherent pulses (CI), packets of mutually noncoherent pulses (NI) and packets of versatile pulses (VI). They play the role of probing signals of six dolphin sonars optimized for solving various echolocation tasks. The possibilities of using the signals by dolphins in searching and classifying food objects by echolocation have been studied in this work on the basis of both experimental data obtained by the researcher and those available in literature. The dolphins can use sequences of ‘clicks’ to detect food objects (individual fish at the distance up to 70–110 m, a school of fish at the distance up to 450–600 m) and conspecifics (dolphins) (at the distance up to 450–600 m) and to classify food objects. The dolphins can use ‘whistles’ to detect food objects (individual fish at the distance up to 2 km, a school of fish at the distance up to 9–13 km) and conspecifics (dolphins) (at the distance up to 9–13 km) and to determine their range and relative radial velocity. ‘Whistles’ provide higher accuracy and the range of echolocation of food objects and conspecifics compared to ‘clicks’ (by more than an order of magnitude). Furthermore, the FM sonar provides the measure of the radial velocity of approaching or distance removing of underwater object to or from a dolphin. However, an acute analysis of the amplitude-time regularities of the fish echo for the purpose of their classification is the advantage of sonar using ‘clicks’. The dolphins can use the packs of CI at the distances shorter than 2.5 m for tracing the position dynamics of the prey aiming at accurate capture. The high hearing resolution of the dolphin in time is about 0.02 ms; it allows processing the subtle temporal dynamics of the echoes. Packs of NI (signals of spoken language) can be used by dolphins to organize various types of association and complex cooperation between themselves when hunting and catching fish. Packets of VI can be used by dolphins to expand the echolocation of the survey area around the dolphin in order to improve the quality of food objects monitoring, regardless of the position of the dolphin’s head, as well as to determine the range, relative radial velocity and class of food objects, at short distances. Evolution and perfection of various types of acoustic signals, sonars and various methods of processing echo signals in dolphins is caused, first of all, by optimization of hydroacoustic regularities of their food behavior, along with the need for orientation in three-dimensional space. One can assume the presence of similar hydroacoustic regularities of food behavior in Odontoceti based on the similarity of their acoustic signals and morphology. The acoustic regularities of food behavior of dolphins and bats are similar, despite the fact that they have different habitats (water and terrestrial-air), and these mammals belong to different orders of the animal kingdom (Сetacea and Chiroptera).

scholarly journals The 2015 Nepal Earthquake(s): Lessons Learned From the Disability and Rehabilitation Sector's Preparation for, and Response to, Natural Disasters

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1714-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel D. Landry ◽  
Phillip S. Sheppard ◽  
Kit Leung ◽  
Chiara Retis ◽  
Edwin C. Salvador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Preparedness Planning ◽  
Nepal Earthquake ◽  
Participation Restrictions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
2015 Nepal Earthquake

Abstract The frequency of natural disasters appears to be mounting at an alarming rate, and the degree to which people are surviving such traumatic events also is increasing. Postdisaster survival often triggers increases in population and individual disability-related outcomes in the form of impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, all of which have an important impact on the individual, his or her family, and their community. The increase in postdisaster disability-related outcomes has provided a rationale for the increased role of the disability and rehabilitation sector's involvement in emergency response, including physical therapists. A recent major earthquake that has drawn the world's attention occurred in the spring of 2015 in Nepal. The response of the local and international communities was large and significant, and although the collection of complex health and disability issues have yet to be fully resolved, there has been a series of important lessons learned from the 2015 Nepal earthquake(s). This perspective article outlines lessons learned from Nepal that can be applied to future disasters to reduce overall disability-related outcomes and more fully integrate rehabilitation in preparation and planning. First, information is presented on disasters in general, and then information is presented that focuses on the earthquake(s) in Nepal. Next, field experience in Nepal before, during, and after the earthquake is described, and actions that can and should be adopted prior to disasters as part of disability preparedness planning are examined. Then, the emerging roles of rehabilitation providers such as physical therapists during the immediate and postdisaster recovery phases are discussed. Finally, approaches are suggested that can be adopted to “build back better” for, and with, people with disabilities in postdisaster settings such as Nepal.

scholarly journals 2015 Nepal Earthquake: A Mass Wasting Balance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Frattini ◽  
Andrea Valagussa ◽  
Elena Valbuzzi ◽  
Giovanni B. Crosta
Keyword(s):  
High Mobility ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Mass Wasting ◽  
Landslide Area ◽  
Nepal Earthquake ◽  
Scar Area ◽  
Representative Subset ◽  
Entire Dataset ◽  
2015 Nepal Earthquake

<p>Following the 7.8 Mw earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25th, 2015, a high-resolution earthquake-induced landslide inventory was prepared. 21,151 landslides have been mapped using Google Earth’s pre- and post-earthquake images, helicopter footage and Google Crisis data. For a representative subset of landslides (~7%), the main scar area was manually distinguished from the landslide transport and deposition areas. Starting from this subset of scar areas, six different relationships between scar area and total landslide area were attained for six different intervals of the landslide aspect ratio (AR, i.e. ratio between landslide length and width) which is used as a proxy of landslide mobility. These relationships were used to estimate the scar area for the entire dataset. For landslides with AR lower than 3 (i.e. low-mobility landslides) the total volume was calculated with the equations proposed by Larsen et al. (2010) by using the total landslide area values. For landslides with an AR larger than 3 (i.e. high-mobility landslides) the volume was computed by applying the equation by Larsen et al. (2010) to landslide scar area only, and considering a constant thickness for the runout area (1m based on field activities). By comparing the landslide denudation and mass wasting to uplift and subsidence measured by InSAR (ALOS-2 satellite data) following the Nepal earthquake, the net volume change in the earthquake-affected area was calculated.</p>

Experimental disintegration of regular echinoids: roles of temperature, oxygen, and decay thresholds

Paleobiology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Kidwell ◽  
Tomasz Baumiller
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Threshold Time ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Decay Threshold

Laboratory experiments on regular echinoids indicate that low water temperatures retard organic decomposition far more effectively than anoxia, and that the primary role of anoxia in the preservation of articulated multi-element calcareous skeletons may be in excluding scavenging organisms. When tumbled at 20 rpm, specimens that were first allowed to decay for two days in warm seawater (30°C) disintegrated more than six times faster than specimens treated at room temperature (23°C) and more than an order of magnitude faster than specimens treated in cool water (11°C). In contrast, the effects of aerobic versus anerobic decay on disintegration rates were insignificant. The longer the period that specimens were allowed to decay before tumbling, the greater the rate at which specimens disintegrated, until a threshold time that appears to mark the decomposition of collagenous ligaments. This required a few days at 30°C, about two weeks at 23°C, and more than 4 weeks at 11°C for Strongylocentrotus. Up until this threshold, coronas disintegrate by a combination of cross-plate fractures and separation along plate sutures; cross-plate fractures thus can be taphonomic in origin and are not necessarily related to predation. Specimens decayed for longer-than-threshold periods of time disintegrate virtually instantaneously upon tumbling by sutural separation only. Undisturbed coronas can remain intact for months, sufficient time for epibiont occupation. Rates of disintegration were documented semi-quantitatively by recognizing seven stages of test disarticulation, and quantitatively by tensometer measures of test strength and toughness. The effects of temperature and oxygen on decay and the existence of a decay threshold in disintegration should apply at least in a qualitative sense to many other animals whose skeletons consist of multiple, collagen-bound elements.Regular echinoids should still be perceived as taphonomically fragile organisms, but our results suggest the potential for latitudinal as well as bathymetric gradients in the preservation of fossil echinoid faunas. Echinoid preservation under any given set of conditions should also be a function of taxonomic differences in test construction (particularly stereom interlocking along plate sutures) as suggested by previous workers, although our experiments indicate that these effects should only be significant among post-threshold specimens. A survey of regular echinoids from Upper Cretaceous white chalk facies of Britain substantiates the basic experimental patterns, yielding examples of all disarticulation stages and significant taxonomic differences in quality of preservation. A diverse array of borers and encrusters on fossil coronas also corroborates the post-mortem persistence of some tests on mid-latitude seafloors.

Cognitive Health Counseling 40+

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Eschen ◽  
Franzisca Zehnder ◽  
Mike Martin
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Health Counseling ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Main Outcome Variable ◽  
Further Development

This article introduces Cognitive Health Counseling 40+ (CH.CO40+), an individualized intervention that is conceptually based on the orchestration model of quality-of-life management ( Martin & Kliegel, 2010 ) and aims at improving satisfaction with cognitive health in adults aged 40 years and older. We describe the theoretically deduced characteristics of CH.CO40+, its target group, its multifactorial nature, its individualization, the application of subjective and objective measures, the role of participants as agents of change, and the rationale for choosing participants’ satisfaction with their cognitive health as main outcome variable. A pilot phase with 15 middle-aged and six older adults suggests that CH.CO40+ attracts, and may be particularly suitable for, subjective memory complainers. Implications of the pilot data for the further development of the intervention are discussed.

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