scholarly journals Injury alters motivational trade-offs in calves during the healing period

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. J. Adcock ◽  
Cassandra B. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Startle Response ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Milk Bottle ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Motivational Changes ◽  
Time Since Injury

AbstractInjury can produce long-lasting motivational changes that may alter decisions made under risk. Our objective was to determine whether a routine painful husbandry procedure, hot-iron disbudding, affects how calves trade off risk avoidance against a competing motivation (i.e., feeding), and whether this response depends on time since injury. We used a startle test to evaluate this trade-off in calves disbudded 0 or 21 days previously and non-injured control calves. For 3 days, calves were individually habituated to the testing arena in which they received a 0.5 L milk meal via a rubber teat. On the 4thday, upon approaching the milk reward, the calf was startled by a sudden noise. We assessed the duration and magnitude of the calf’s startle response, their latency to return to the milk bottle, and duration spent suckling after startling. No treatment differences were observed in the duration and magnitude of the startle response or in the probability of returning to the bottle after startling. However, among those who did return, disbudded calves spent longer suckling, indicating they accepted more risk in order to feed compared to controls. In addition, calves with 21-day-old injuries tended to return to the bottle faster compared to newly disbudded calves and controls. We suggest that hot-iron disbudding increases calves’ motivation to suckle, as they were more likely to prioritize this behaviour over risk avoidance compared to control calves. This effect was most evident 21 days after disbudding, indicating that injury can produce long-term changes in motivational state.

scholarly journals Using Artificial Intelligence to classify Jobseekers: The Accuracy-Equity Trade-off

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
SAM DESIERE ◽  
LUDO STRUYVEN
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Employment Services ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Public ◽  
Foreign Origin ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Graphical Tool ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly popular in the public sector to improve the cost-efficiency of service delivery. One example is AI-based profiling models in public employment services (PES), which predict a jobseeker’s probability of finding work and are used to segment jobseekers in groups. Profiling models hold the potential to improve identification of jobseekers at-risk of becoming long-term unemployed, but also induce discrimination. Using a recently developed AI-based profiling model of the Flemish PES, we assess to what extent AI-based profiling ‘discriminates’ against jobseekers of foreign origin compared to traditional rule-based profiling approaches. At a maximum level of accuracy, jobseekers of foreign origin who ultimately find a job are 2.6 times more likely to be misclassified as ‘high-risk’ jobseekers. We argue that it is critical that policymakers and caseworkers understand the inherent trade-offs of profiling models, and consider the limitations when integrating these models in daily operations. We develop a graphical tool to visualize the accuracy-equity trade-off in order to facilitate policy discussions.

The shape of a defense-growth trade-off governs seasonal trait dynamics in natural phytoplankton

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Ehrlich ◽  
Nadja J. Kath ◽  
Ursula Gaedke
Keyword(s):  
Fitness Landscape ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Community Persistence ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Persistence Theory

Functional trait compositions of communities can adapt to altered environmental conditions ensuring community persistence. Theory predicts that the shape of trade-offs between traits crucially affects these trait dynamics, but its empirical verification from the field is missing. Here, we show how the shape of a defense-growth trade-off governs seasonal trait dynamics of a natural community, using high-frequency, long-term measurements of phytoplankton from Lake Constance. As expected from the lab-derived concave trade-off curve, we observed an alternating dominance of several fast-growing species with intermediate defense levels and gradual changes of the biomass-trait distribution due to seasonally changing grazing pressure. By combining data and modelling, we obtain mechanistic insights on the underlying fitness landscape, and show that low fitness differences can maintain trait variation along the trade-off curve. We provide firm evidence for a frequently assumed trade-off and conclude that quantifying its shape allows to understand environmentally driven trait changes within communities.

Sex or survival: trade-offs between quality and quantity of life.

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Singer ◽  
E S Tasch ◽  
C Stocking ◽  
S Rubin ◽  
M Siegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Trade Offs

Patients with localized prostate cancer may be treated with either surgery (radical prostatectomy) or radiotherapy. Although controversial, many physicians believe that surgery offers a higher survival rate. However, the surgical treatment may also produce a higher rate of sexual impotency. Our study assessed how men value survival and sexual potency when asked to trade off one for the other. Using the treatment-choice technique, we interviewed 50 men aged 45 to 70 years without known prostate cancer. At hypothetical rates of survival (90% at 5 years for surgery) and impotency (90% for surgery and 40% for radiotherapy) representing published estimates, 32% of respondents were unwilling to trade off any survival, but 68% were willing to trade off a 10% or greater advantage in 5-year survival (by choosing radiotherapy) to maintain sexual potency. The median 5-year survival traded off was 10% (range, 0% to 80%). Willingness to trade off survival for sexual potency was significantly related to level of education, but not to age, interest in sex, frequency of sexual intercourse, or ability to achieve erection. We conclude that some men may choose treatment with lower long-term survival to increase their chance of remaining sexually potent. Because these men may be difficult to identify in clinical practice, physicians should thoroughly discuss both surgery and radiotherapy options with patients who have localized prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Ensuring the Long-Term Provision of Heathland Ecosystem Services—The Importance of a Functional Perspective in Management Decision Frameworks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Walmsley ◽  
Benjamin M. Delory ◽  
Isabel Alonso ◽  
Vicky M. Temperton ◽  
Werner Härdtle
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Heathland Management ◽  
Sod Cutting ◽  
Decision Frameworks

The ecosystem services framework can be used as a way of balancing economic, ecological and societal drivers in land management decision-making processes. As heathland management is typically linked directly to services, the aim of this study was to quantify trade-offs related to the effects of five common heathland management measures (grazing, mowing, burning, choppering, and sod-cutting) using quantitative data from empirical studies within a northwestern heathland in Germany. Besides important services (groundwater recharge and quality, carbon stocks and appreciation by the general public) we included ecosystem functions (balances of nitrogen, phosphorus and major cations) and the net cost of management implementation as trade-off components. We found that all management practices have advantages and disadvantages leading to unavoidable trade-offs. The effect of a management practice on the trade-off components was often closely related to the amount of biomass and/or soil removed during a management cycle (Rannual). Choppering and sod-cutting (large Rannual by involving soil removal) were very good at maintaining a low N system whilst concurrently increasing groundwater recharge, albeit at the cost of all other components considered. If the aim is to preserve heathlands and their associated ecosystem services in the long-term this trade-off is inevitable, as currently only these high-intensity measures are capable of removing enough nitrogen from the system to prevent the transition to non-heather dominated habitat types. Our study, therefore, shows that in order to maintain structural integrity and thereby the service potential a habitat provides, management decision frameworks may need to prioritize ecosystem functioning over ecosystem services. Burning and mowing (low Rannual) were best at retaining phosphorus, cations and carbon and had the lowest costs. Grazing (intermediate Rannual) provided the highest relative benefit in terms of groundwater quality and appreciation. Together these results can help identify management combinations in both space and time, which will be more beneficial for functions and services than management practices considered in isolation. Furthermore, our study assists in recognizing key areas of action for the development of novel management practices and can help raise awareness of the diversity of rare species and potential benefits to people that protected cultural landscapes provide.

Evaluation of Shoreline Cleaning Versus Natural Recovery: The Metula Spill and the Komi Operations

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward H. Owens ◽  
A. Mark Sienkiewicz ◽  
Gary A. Sergy
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Straits Of Magellan

ABSTRACT An appropriate oil spill response involves evaluation of the likely consequences of treatment or cleanup on ecological and human resources. Two cases are examined: the first is the Metula spill in the Straits of Magellan, Chile, where surveys over a 24-year period provide data on long-term changes on oiled shorelines that were not cleaned or treated. The consequences of the decision not to clean or treat are minimal as the only remaining oil today is restricted to an asphalt pavement and two marshes. In the second case, the 1995–1996 cleanup that followed the Komi pipeline spills in Russia, the operational objective was to prevent oil from affecting downstream resources and populations. This objective was achieved by containment of the oil near the source but the success of the project must be weighed against the consequential additional oiling and construction damage that resulted from the operations to more than 20 hectares of pristine terrain. These two spills in remote locations provide valuable lessons on some aspects of decision trade-offs and on the consequences of the cleanup decision in the context of the concept of net environmental benefit.

scholarly journals Cardiotonic Steroids and the Sodium Trade Balance: New Insights into Trade-Off Mechanisms Mediated by the Na+/K+-ATPase

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Khalaf ◽  
Prabhatchandra Dube ◽  
Amal Mohamed ◽  
Jiang Tian ◽  
Deepak Malhotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Overload ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Ion Pump ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Adaptation Processes

In 1972 Neal Bricker presented the “trade-off” hypothesis in which he detailed the role of physiological adaptation processes in mediating some of the pathophysiology associated with declines in renal function. In the late 1990’s Xie and Askari published seminal studies indicating that the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) was not only an ion pump, but also a signal transducer that interacts with several signaling partners. Since this discovery, numerous studies from multiple laboratories have shown that the NKA is a central player in mediating some of these long-term “trade-offs” of the physiological adaptation processes which Bricker originally proposed in the 1970’s. In fact, NKA ligands such as cardiotonic steroids (CTS), have been shown to signal through NKA, and consequently been implicated in mediating both adaptive and maladaptive responses to volume overload such as fibrosis and oxidative stress. In this review we will emphasize the role the NKA plays in this “trade-off” with respect to CTS signaling and its implication in inflammation and fibrosis in target organs including the heart, kidney, and vasculature. As inflammation and fibrosis exhibit key roles in the pathogenesis of a number of clinical disorders such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, obesity, preeclampsia, and aging, this review will also highlight the role of newly discovered NKA signaling partners in mediating some of these conditions.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

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