The Double Meaning of Money

How does monetization affect interpersonal relationships? Drawing on social phenomenology, I argue that an answer must account for money’s symbolic dualism: On the one hand, as Zelizer has shown, money is differentially earmarked according to the interpersonal relationships it flows through. On the other hand, in everyday life, people tend to associate money with cold impersonality. Money’s dual association with both the interpersonal and the impersonal imbues the relationships it flows through with a sense of risk, which I call “the risk of lost meanings.” Analyzing the implications of this sense of risk, I argue that it turns trust into a relational preoccupation and constrains intersubjective experience. The risk of lost meanings may motivate risk-avoidance strategies, but these strategies are largely counterproductive. Shedding new light on a long-standing debate in the sociology of money, I discuss the implications of this argument for analyses of monetary developments and local currencies.

Analisis Risiko pada Usahatani Benih Bawang Putih di Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah

Bawang putih merupakan komoditas penting namun Indonesia masih bergantung pada bawang putih impor. Bawang putih yang berkualitas baik dapat diperoleh dari benih yang baik pula. Pada usahatani benih bawang putih petani memerlukan perlakuan khusus untuk hasil panen yang disimpan sebagai benih bawang putih dan memiliki risiko lebih besar sehingga diperlukan mitigasi risiko yang tepat untuk usahatani benih bawang putih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko yang dihadapi oleh petani dan menganalisis strategi manajemen risiko yang paling tepat untuk mendapatkan keuntungan yang maksimal bagi petani. Metode analisis data dengan Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). Analisis deskriptif untuk mengetahui mitigasi risiko yang paling tepat. Hasil analisis data berdasarkan nilai RPN tertinggi adalah serangan hama (9a), tanaman tidak subur karena gulma berlebihan (8b), serangan penyakit (9b), tanaman terlalu padat dan tanaman gulma berlebihan (8a) dan iklim serta cuaca yang tidak menentu (2a). Strategi manajemen risiko yang tergolong kritis yaitu pada risiko iklim dan cuaca tidak menentu menggunakan strategi penanggungan atau penahanan risiko (risk retention). Pada risiko tanah terlalu padat dan terlalu banyak gulma, risiko tanah kurang subur karena terlalu banyak gulma, risiko serangan hama dan risiko serangan penyakit digunakan strategi penghindaran risiko (risk avoidance).

Offsetting, Denialism, and Risk

In Climate Matters John Broome defends two claims. First, if you live a “normal life” in a rich country, you will probably cause significant harm by your emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG), violating a moral duty of harm-avoidance. Second, you can satisfy this duty by offsetting your emissions. Some would deny Broome’s first claim on the grounds that an individual’s emissions of GHG do no harm. Broome calls this position “IndividualDenialism” (ID) and in a recent paper he attempts to refute it. I explain how, if Broome’s refutation of ID were successful, it would undermine his claim that you can satisfy your duty of harm avoidance by offsetting. I suggest an alternative defence of the claim that you can satisfy your individual duty to reduce your carbon footprint by offsetting. This alternative defence assumes that your duty to reduce your carbon footprint derives from a duty of risk-avoidance.

Research on Digital Economy of Intelligent Emergency Risk Avoidance in Sudden Financial Disasters Based on PSO-BPNN Algorithm

In recent years, disasters have seriously affected the normal development of financial business in some regions. At the time of disaster, how to effectively integrate resources of all parties, deal with sudden financial disasters efficiently, and restore financial services in time has become an important task. Therefore, this paper adopts Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to improve the traditional BP Neural Network (BPNN) and finally constructs a Particle Swarm Optimization powered BP Neural Network (PSO-BPNN) model for the intelligent emergency risk avoidance of sudden financial disasters in digital economy. At the same time, the proposed algorithm is also compared to GA-BPNN and BPNN algorithms, which are also intelligent algorithms. Experimental results show that the hybrid PSO-BPNN algorithm is superior to GA-BPNN algorithm and BPNN algorithm in simulation and prediction effect. It can accurately predict the sudden financial disaster in recent period, so the model has a good application prospect.

The Influence of Socio-Emotional Wealth on the Speed of the Export Development Proces in Family and Non-Family Firms

This paper proposes that family firms do not necessarily internationalize less than non-family businesses, but rather, they do it more slowly. Lower speed of internationalization process of family business (measured by the speed of the export development process) is a consequence of the role of the socio-emotional wealth (SEW) in these firms. SEW operates through three different mechanisms: (1) long-term orientation, (2) risk avoidance, and (3) lack of resources to be independent. The empirical research, based on a panel of more than a thousand Spanish manufacturing firms along nine years (2006-2014), supports the hypothesis proposed, independently of firm’s previous size, age, and export commitment level.