Evolution of Old World Equus and origin of the zebra-ass clade

AbstractEvolution of the genus Equus has been a matter of long debate with a multitude of hypotheses. Currently, there is no consensus on either the taxonomic content nor phylogeny of Equus. Some hypotheses segregate Equus species into three genera, Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus. Also, the evolutionary role of European Pleistocene Equus stenonis in the origin of the zebra-ass clade has been debated. Studies based on skull, mandible and dental morphology suggest an evolutionary relationship between North American Pliocene E. simplicidens and European and African Pleistocene Equus. In this contribution, we assess the validity of the genera Plesippus, Allohippus and Equus by cladistic analysis combined with morphological and morphometrical comparison of cranial anatomy. Our cladistic analysis, based on cranial and postcranial elements (30 taxa, 129 characters), supports the monophyly of Equus, denies the recognition of Plesippus and Allohippus and supports the derivation of Equus grevyi and members of the zebra-ass clade from European stenonine horses. We define the following evolutionary steps directly relevant to the phylogeny of extant zebras and asses: E. simplicidens–E. stenonis–E. koobiforensis–E. grevyi -zebra-ass clade. The North American Pliocene species Equus simplicidens represents the ancestral stock of Old World Pleistocene Equus and the zebra-ass clade. Our phylogenetic results uphold the most recent genomic outputs which indicate an age of 4.0–4.5 Ma for the origin and monophyly of Equus.

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Gender Indeterminacy in Translation: the Case of R. L. Stine’s Give Yourself Goosebumps Gamebooks via Portuguese Translation

Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses/Journal of Anglo-Portuguese Studies ◽

10.34134/reap.1991.208.2710 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 329-345

Author(s):

Ana Brígida Paiva

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Grammatical Gender ◽

Second Person ◽

The North ◽

Person Perspective ◽

Gender Neutral ◽

Literary Systems ◽

Second Person Perspective ◽

Neutral Language

As works of fction, gamebooks offer narrative-bound choices – the reader generally takes on the role of a character inserted in the narrative itself, with gamebooks consequently tending towards being a story told in the second-person perspective. In pursuance of this aim, they can, in some cases, adopt gender-neutral language as regards grammatical gender, which in turn poses a translation challenge when rendering the texts into Portuguese, a language strongly marked by grammatical gender. Stemming from an analysis of a number of gamebooks in R. L. Stine’s popular Give Yourself Goosebumps series, this article seeks to understand how gender indeterminacy (when present) is kept in translation, while examining the strategies used to this effect by Portuguese translators – and particularly how ideas of implied readership come into play in the dialogue between the North-American and Portuguese literary systems.

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The North American «Hipparion Datum and implications for the Neogene of the Old World

Geobios ◽

10.1016/s0016-6995(81)80124-6 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 493-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

M.O. Woodburne ◽

B.J. Macfadden ◽

M.F. Skinner

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Old World ◽

The North

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Casual spectators and die-hard fans’ reactions to their team defeat: A look at the role of territorial identification in elite French rugby

International journal of psychological research ◽

10.21500/20112084.768 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 122-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Iouri Bermache-Assollant ◽

Raphael Laurin

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Identity Management ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Team Identification ◽

Specific Context ◽

Team Loyalty ◽

The North ◽

Offensive Strategies

This research investigated the role of two foci of identification (team and territory) on identity management strategies used by sport followers in the particular context of elite French rugby union. In study 1 which dealt with casual spectators (N = 153), the results corroborated numerous studies conducted in the North-American context and showed that team identification constitutes a strong driver for offensive and loyalty reactions. In study 2 which dealt with die-hard fans (N = 64), it appeared that team identification seems to be the best predictor of team loyalty strategy whereas territorial identification seems to be the first predictor of offensive strategies. Taken together, the studies showed the importance of considering the specific context in which sport fanship takes place.

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Análisis del subsector museos y su contribución económica en México

UVserva ◽

10.25009/uvserva.v0i9.2686 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 20-34

Author(s):

Azminda Meybelli Román Nieto

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Classification System ◽

Growth And Development ◽

National Account ◽

Economy Growth ◽

The North ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Account System

El presente artículo analiza el papel de los museos en el sector de la cultura en México y su contribución económica. Para ello, se tomó como base para el análisis de los años 2016 y 2017, los resultados del Sistema Nacional de Cuentas del INEGI, (Año base 2013) y la clasificación del Sistema de Clasificación Industrial de América del Norte SCIAN (2018).Palabras clave: Sector; economía; crecimiento; cultura; museos. AbstractThis article presents the role of museums in the culture sector in Mexico and how they contribute to the growth and development of the country. For this, the results of the National Account System of INEGI, (Base Year 2013) and the classification of the North American Industrial Classification System SCIAN (2018) are taken as the basis for the analysis.Keywords: Sector; Economy; Growth; Culture; Museums.

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