scholarly journals Differential cell-type dependent brain state modulations of sensory representations in the non-lemniscal mouse inferior colliculus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenggang Chen ◽  
Sen Song
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Spectral Tuning ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Sensory responses of the neocortex are strongly influenced by brain state changes. However, it remains unclear whether and how the sensory responses of the midbrain are affected. Here we addressed this issue by using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to monitor the spontaneous and sound-evoked activities in the mouse inferior colliculus (IC). We developed a method enabling us to image the first layer of non-lemniscal IC (IC shell L1) in awake behaving mice. Compared with the awake state, spectral tuning selectivity of excitatory neurons was decreased during isoflurane anesthesia. Calcium imaging in behaving animals revealed that activities of inhibitory neurons were highly correlated with locomotion. Compared with stationary periods, spectral tuning selectivity of excitatory neurons was increased during locomotion. Taken together, our studies reveal that neuronal activities in the IC shell L1 are brain state dependent, whereas the brain state modulates the excitatory and inhibitory neurons differentially.

scholarly journals In Vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of Neocortical Excitatory Neurons Drives Brain-State-Dependent Inhibition

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 1593-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine Mateo ◽  
Michael Avermann ◽  
Luc J. Gentet ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Karl Deisseroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain State ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Functional Microarchitecture of the Mouse Dorsal Inferior Colliculus Revealed through In Vivo Two-Photon Calcium Imaging

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (31) ◽  
pp. 10927-10939 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Barnstedt ◽  
P. Keating ◽  
Y. Weissenberger ◽  
A. J. King ◽  
J. C. Dahmen
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Two Photon

scholarly journals Seizures start as silent microseizures by neuronal ensembles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wenzel ◽  
Jordan P. Hamm ◽  
Darcy S. Peterka ◽  
Rafael MD Yuste
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Travelling Wave ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
Neuronal Ensembles ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Step Model

AbstractUnderstanding seizure formation and spread remains a critical goal of epilepsy research. While many studies have documented seizure spread, it remains mysterious how they start. We used fast in-vivo two-photon calcium imaging to reconstruct, at cellular resolution, the dynamics of focal cortical seizures as they emerge in epileptic foci (intrafocal), and subsequently propagate (extrafocal). We find that seizures start as intrafocal coactivation of small numbers of neurons (ensembles), which are electrographically silent. These silent “microseizures” expand saltatorily until they break into neighboring cortex, where they progress smoothly and first become detectable by LFP. Surprisingly, we find spatially heterogeneous calcium dynamics of local PV interneuron sub-populations, which rules out a simple role of inhibitory neurons during seizures. We propose a two-step model for the circuit mechanisms of focal seizures, where neuronal ensembles first generate a silent microseizure, followed by widespread neural activation in a travelling wave, which is then detected electrophysiologically.

scholarly journals 0074 Inhibitory Neurons in the Dorsomedial Medulla Promote REM Sleep

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A30-A30
Author(s):  
J Stucynski ◽  
A Schott ◽  
J Baik ◽  
J Hong ◽  
F Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Introduction The neural circuits controlling rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and in particular the role of the medulla in regulating this brain state, remains an active area of study. Previous electrophysiological recordings in the dorsomedial medulla (DM) and electrical stimulation experiments suggested an important role of this area in the control of REM sleep. However the identity of the involved neurons and their precise role in REM sleep regulation are still unclear. Methods The properties of DM GAD2 neurons in mice were investigated through stereotaxic injection of CRE-dependent viruses in conjunction with implantation of electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings and optic fibers. Experiments included in vivo calcium imaging (fiber photometry) across sleep and wake states, optogenetic stimulation of cell bodies, chemogenetic excitation and suppression (DREADDs), and connectivity mapping using viral tracing and optogenetics. Results Imaging the calcium activity of DM GAD2 neurons in vivo indicates that these neurons are most active during REM sleep. Optogenetic stimulation of DM GAD2 neurons reliably triggered transitions into REM sleep from NREM sleep. Consistent with this, chemogenetic activation of DM GAD2 neurons increased the amount of REM sleep while inhibition suppressed its occurrence and enhanced NREM sleep. Anatomical tracing revealed that DM GAD2 neurons project to several areas involved in sleep / wake regulation including the wake-promoting locus coeruleus (LC) and the REM sleep-suppressing ventrolateral periaquaductal gray (vlPAG). Optogenetic activation of axonal projections from DM to LC, and DM to vlPAG was sufficient to induce REM sleep. Conclusion These experiments demonstrate that DM inhibitory neurons expressing GAD2 powerfully promote initiation of REM sleep in mice. These findings further characterize the dorsomedial medulla as a critical structure involved in REM sleep regulation and inform future investigations of the REM sleep circuitry. Support R01 HL149133

scholarly journals All-optical electrophysiology reveals brain-state dependent changes in hippocampal subthreshold dynamics and excitability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Adam ◽  
Jeong J. Kim ◽  
Shan Lou ◽  
Yongxin Zhao ◽  
Daan Brinks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Subthreshold Voltage ◽  
Targeted Gene Expression

AbstractA technology to record membrane potential from multiple neurons, simultaneously, in behaving animals will have a transformative impact on neuroscience research1. Parallel recordings could reveal the subthreshold potentials and intercellular correlations that underlie network behavior2. Paired stimulation and recording can further reveal the input-output properties of individual cells or networks in the context of different brain states3. Genetically encoded voltage indicators are a promising tool for these purposes, but were so far limited to single-cell recordings with marginal signal to noise ratio (SNR) in vivo4-6. We developed improved near infrared voltage indicators, high speed microscopes and targeted gene expression schemes which enabled recordings of supra- and subthreshold voltage dynamics from multiple neurons simultaneously in mouse hippocampus, in vivo. The reporters revealed sub-cellular details of back-propagating action potentials, correlations in sub-threshold voltage between multiple cells, and changes in dynamics associated with transitions from resting to locomotion. In combination with optogenetic stimulation, the reporters revealed brain state-dependent changes in neuronal excitability, reflecting the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. These tools open the possibility for detailed explorations of network dynamics in the context of behavior.

scholarly journals Sleep slow-wave oscillations trigger seizures in a genetic epilepsy model of Dravet syndrome

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie A. Catron ◽  
Rachel K. Howe ◽  
Gai-Linn K. Besing ◽  
Emily K. St. John ◽  
Cobie Victoria Potesta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Dravet Syndrome ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Synaptic Potentiation ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Slow Wave Oscillations

Sleep is the brain state when cortical activity decreases and memory consolidates. However, in human epileptic patients, including genetic epileptic seizures such as Dravet syndrome, sleep is the preferential period when epileptic spike-wave discharges (SWDs) appear, with more severe epileptic symptoms in female patients than male patients, which influencing patient sleep quality and memory. Currently, seizure onset mechanisms during sleep period still remain unknown. Our previous work has shown that the sleep-like state-dependent synaptic potentiation mechanism can trigger epileptic SWDs (Zhang et al., 2021). In this study, using one heterozygous (het) knock-in (KI) transgenic mice (GABAA receptor γ2 subunit Gabrg2Q390X mutation) and an optogenetic method, we hypothesized that slow-wave oscillations (SWOs) themselves in vivo could trigger epileptic seizures. We found that epileptic SWDs in het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice exhibited preferential incidence during NREM sleep period, accompanied by motor immobility/ facial myoclonus/vibrissal twitching, with more frequent incidence in female het KI mice than male het KI mice. Optogenetic induced SWOs in vivo significantly increased epileptic seizure incidence in het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice with increased duration of NREM sleep or quiet-wakeful states. Furthermore, suppression of SWO-related homeostatic synaptic potentiation by 4-(diethylamino)-benzaldehyde (DEAB) injection (i.p.) greatly decreased seizure incidence in het KI mice, suggesting that SWOs did trigger seizure activity in het KI mice. In addition, EEG delta-frequency (0.1-4 Hz) power spectral density during NREM sleep was significantly larger in female het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice than male het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice, which likely contributes to the gender difference in seizure incidence during NREM sleep/quiet-wake as that in human patients.

scholarly journals Brain-state dependent astrocytic Ca2+ signals are coupled to both positive and negative BOLD-fMRI signals

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. E1647-E1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maosen Wang ◽  
Yi He ◽  
Terrence J. Sejnowski ◽  
Xin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Power Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Calcium Signal ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Bold Fmri ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Negative Bold

Astrocytic Ca2+-mediated gliovascular interactions regulate the neurovascular network in situ and in vivo. However, it is difficult to measure directly both the astrocytic activity and fMRI to relate the various forms of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signaling to brain states under normal and pathological conditions. In this study, fMRI and GCaMP-mediated Ca2+ optical fiber recordings revealed distinct evoked astrocytic Ca2+ signals that were coupled with positive BOLD signals and intrinsic astrocytic Ca2+ signals that were coupled with negative BOLD signals. Both evoked and intrinsic astrocytic calcium signal could occur concurrently or respectively during stimulation. The intrinsic astrocytic calcium signal can be detected globally in multiple cortical sites in contrast to the evoked astrocytic calcium signal only detected at the activated cortical region. Unlike propagating Ca2+ waves in spreading depolarization/depression, the intrinsic Ca2+ spikes occurred simultaneously in both hemispheres and were initiated upon the activation of the central thalamus and midbrain reticular formation. The occurrence of the intrinsic astrocytic calcium signal is strongly coincident with an increased EEG power level of the brain resting-state fluctuation. These results demonstrate highly correlated astrocytic Ca2+ spikes with bidirectional fMRI signals based on the thalamic regulation of cortical states, depicting a brain-state dependency of both astrocytic Ca2+ and BOLD fMRI signals.

scholarly journals A diencephalic pathway for movement initiation and rescue of Parkinsonian symptoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn D.R. Watson ◽  
Ryan N. Hughes ◽  
Elijah A. Petter ◽  
Henry H. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Parafascicular Nucleus ◽  
Behavioral Classification ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
3D Motion Capture ◽  
Major Target ◽  
Deep Brain

SummaryThe parafascicular nucleus (Pf) of the thalamus projects to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), a major target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the function of this projection remains unknown. Here, we used optogenetics, 3D motion capture, in vivo electrophysiology and 1-photon calcium imaging, unsupervised behavioral classification, and viral-based neuroanatomical tracing to examine the contribution of Pf efferents to movement generation in mice. We discovered that Pf neurons are highly correlated with movement velocity and excitation of Pf neurons generates turning and orienting movements. Movement initiation was not due to Pf projections to the striatum, but rather its projections to the STN. Optogenetic excitation of the Pf-STN pathway restores movement in a common mouse model of PD with complete akinesia. Collectively, our results reveal a thalamo-subthalamic pathway regulating movement initiation, and demonstrate a circuit mechanism that could potentially explain the clinical efficacy of DBS for relief of PD motor symptoms.

Hippocampus: Intrinsic Organization

2017 ◽  
pp. 199-216
Author(s):  
Peter Somogyi ◽  
Thomas Klausberger
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Postsynaptic Cell

The hippocampus, together with the subiculum, represent an associational area of the cerebral cortex that is intimately involved in mnemonic processes. Through its connections with other areas of the temporal lobe, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and subcortical areas, it contributes to the encoding, association, consolidation, and recall of representations of the external and internal world in the combined firing rates and spike timing of glutamatergic pyramidal and granule cells. Pyramidal cell assemblies are formed and segregated from other assemblies by the dynamic strengthening and weakening of glutamatergic synaptic weights both on pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons. Interneurons, generate postsynaptic cell domain and brain state–dependent rhythmic changes in excitability, which are key for the formation, consolidation, and recall of representations. The chapter attempts to allocate explicit roles for some GABAergic neurons, based on their firing patterns in vivo as observed in identified neurons.

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