Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the Shc adapter protein, which plays an important role in EGF-stimulated mitogenesis. Shc stimulates Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) through forming a complex with Grb2 at the phosphorylated tyrosine (Y) residue 317. In this study, we identified novel phosphorylation sites of Shc, at Y239 and Y240. To define the Shc pathway further, we used NIH 3T3 cells expressing the previously characterized mutant EGF receptor (EGF-R) which lacks all known autophosphorylation sites but retains EGF-stimulated mitogenesis with selective phosphorylation of Shc. We constructed wild-type (WT) or mutant Shc cDNAs in which Y317 or/and Y239 and Y240 are replaced with phenylalanine (F) and introduced them into NIH 3T3 cells expressing WT or mutant EGF-R. In the WT EGF-R-expressing cells, the Y239/240/317F Shc, but not Y317F or Y239/240F Shc, decreased EGF-stimulated cell growth. In the mutant EGF-R-expressing cells, Y317F Shc or Y239/240F Shc decreased EGF-stimulated cell growth significantly, though Y317F was a little more potent than Y239/240F. Although cells expressing the Y317F Shc hardly activated MAPK in response to EGF, cells expressing the Y239/240F Shc fully activated MAPK. In contrast, Y239/240F Shc, but not Y317F Shc, reduced the EGF-induced c-myc message. These results suggest that Shc activates two distinct signaling pathways, Y317 to Ras/MAPK and Y239 and Y240 to another pathway including Myc, and that both are involved in EGF-induced mitogenic signaling.
8-Cl-cAMP antagonizes mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell growth stimulation induced by epidermal growth factor
