Biomimetic composites and stem cells interaction for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration

Abstract Background Cartilage injury and pathological degeneration are reported in millions of patients globally. Cartilages such as articular hyaline cartilage are characterized by poor self-regeneration ability due to lack of vascular tissue. Current treatment methods adopt foreign cartilage analogue implants or microfracture surgery to accelerate tissue repair and regeneration. These methods are invasive and are associated with the formation of fibrocartilage, which warrants further exploration of new cartilage repair materials. The present study aims to develop an injectable modified gelatin hydrogel. Method The hydrogel effectively adsorbed proteoglycans secreted by chondrocytes adjacent to the cartilage tissue in situ, and rapidly formed suitable chondrocyte survival microenvironment modified by ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL). Besides, dynamic covalent bonds were introduced between glucose and phenylboronic acids (PBA). These bonds formed reversible covalent interactions between the cis−diol groups on polyols and the ionic boronate state of PBA. PBA-modified hydrogel induced significant stress relaxation, which improved chondrocyte viability and cartilage differentiation of stem cells. Further, we explored the ability of these hydrogels to promote chondrocyte viability and cartilage differentiation of stem cells through chemical and mechanical modifications. Results In vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that the hydrogels exhibited efficient biocompatibility. EPL and PBA modified GelMA hydrogel (Gel-EPL/B) showed stronger activity on chondrocytes compared to the GelMA control group. The Gel-EPL/B group induced the secretion of more extracellular matrix and improved the chondrogenic differentiation potential of stem cells. Finally, thus hydrogel promoted the tissue repair of cartilage defects. Conclusion Modified hydrogel is effective in cartilage tissue repair.

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Usage of stem cells in bone and cartilage tissue engineering

Biomedical Nanomaterials: From Design To Implementation ◽

10.1049/pbhe004e_ch4 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 93-114

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

And Cartilage

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Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From the Cotyloid Fossa Synovium Have Higher Self-renewal and Differentiation Potential Than Those From the Paralabral Synovium in the Hip Joint

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546518794664 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 2942-2953 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yoichi Murata ◽

Soshi Uchida ◽

Hajime Utsunomiya ◽

Akihisa Hatakeyama ◽

Hirotaka Nakashima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽

Impingement Syndrome ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome ◽

And Cartilage

Background: Several studies have shown the relationship between poorer clinical outcomes of arthroscopic femoroacetabular impingement syndrome surgery and focal chondral defects or global chondromalacia/osteoarthritis. Although recent studies described good outcomes after the conjunctive application of synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), none demonstrated the application of synovial MSCs for cartilaginous hip injuries. Purpose: To compare the characteristics of MSCs derived from the paralabral synovium and the cotyloid fossa synovium and determine which is the better source. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Synovium was harvested from 2 locations of the hip—paralabral and cotyloid fossa—from 18 donors. The number of cells, colony-forming units, viability, and differentiation capacities of adipose, bone, and cartilage were collected and compared between groups. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the differentiation capacity of adipose, bone, and cartilage tissue from both samples. Results: The number of colonies and yield obtained at passage 0 of synovium from the cotyloid fossa was significantly higher than that of the paralabral synovium ( P < .01). In adipogenesis experiments, the frequency of detecting oil red O–positive colonies was significantly higher in the cotyloid fossa than in the paralabral synovium ( P < .05). In osteogenesis experiments, the frequency of von Kossa and alkaline phosphatase positive colonies was higher in the cotyloid fossa synovium than in the paralabral synovium ( P < .05). In chondrogenic experiments, the chondrogenic pellet culture and the gene expressions of COL2a1 and SOX9 were higher in the cotyloid fossa synovium than in the paralabral synovium ( P < .05). Conclusion: MSCs from the cotyloid fossa synovium have higher proliferation and differentiation potential than do those from the paralabral synovium and are therefore a better source. Clinical Relevance: Synovial cells from the cotyloid fossa synovium of patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome are more robust in vitro, suggesting that MSCs from this source may be strongly considered for stem cell therapy.

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Optimizing 3D Co-culture Models to Enhance Synergy Between Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Chondrocytes for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration

Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine ◽

10.1007/s40883-019-00105-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 270-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heather Rogan ◽

Fan Yang

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Culture Models

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New Insights on Mechanical Stimulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10082927 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2927

Author(s):

Silvia Ravalli ◽

Marta Anna Szychlinska ◽

Giovanni Lauretta ◽

Giuseppe Musumeci

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Regeneration ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Holistic View ◽

Biomechanical Stimuli ◽

Stimulation Of

Successful tissue regeneration therapies require further understanding of the environment in which the cells are destined to be set. The aim is to structure approaches that aspire to a holistic view of biological systems and to scientific reliability. Mesenchymal stem cells represent a valuable resource for cartilage tissue engineering, due to their chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Promoting chondrogenesis, not only by growth factors but also by exogenous enhancers such as biomechanics, represents a technical enhancement. Tribological evaluation of the articular joint has demonstrated how mechanical stimuli play a pivotal role in cartilage repair and participate in the homeostasis of this tissue. Loading stresses, physiologically experienced by chondrocytes, can upregulate the production of proteins like glycosaminoglycan or collagen, fundamental for articular wellness, as well as promote and preserve cell viability. Therefore, there is a rising interest in the development of bioreactor devices that impose compression, shear stress, and hydrostatic pressure on stem cells. This strategy aims to mimic chondrogenesis and overcome complications like hypertrophic phenotyping and inappropriate mechanical features. This review will analyze the dynamics inside the joint, the natural stimuli experienced by the chondrocytes, and how the biomechanical stimuli can be applied to a stem cell culture in order to induce chondrogenesis.

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178 Differential Behavior of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Bone Marrow and Adipose During Osteogenic Differentiation on a Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogel Scaffold for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv30n1ab178 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. A. Womack ◽

D. J. Milner ◽

D. W. Weisgerber ◽

B. A. Harley ◽

M. B. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Osteogenic Differentiation ◽

Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽

Cartilage Tissue ◽

Scaffold Material ◽

Alizarin Red ◽

And Cartilage

The pig is an ideal species for use in tissue engineering studies targeted towards repair of bone and cartilage defects. Novel collagen-glycosaminoglycan hydrogel (CG) scaffolds have shown promise for supporting bone and cartilage growth from mesenchymal stem cells. In order to determine the suitability of these scaffolds for use in porcine model systems for bone and cartilage tissue engineering, we have begun to investigate the behaviour of porcine mesenchymal stem cells on this material. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mesenchymal stem cells from adipose (ASC) and bone marrow (BMSC) form bone on a CG scaffold material. Primary BMSC and ASC from 6-month-old Yorkshire pigs were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum. The ASC and BMSC were then trypsinized at passage 4 or 5 and used to seed ~4-mm-diameter CG scaffolds with 2 million cells/scaffold. Scaffolds were seeded by suspending the cells in medium that had been equilibrated for 30 min, and then placing the CG scaffold into the medium. This method of seeding was determined to be most effective in previous experiments. Scaffolds were then cultured for 7 days in DMEM followed by 21 days in osteogenic media. At the conclusion of the incubation period, the diameter of the scaffolds was measured, and they were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and cryosectioned. Then, 10-µm sections were stained with Alizarin Red to assay for mineralization, a hallmark of osteogenic differentiation. Both ASC- and BMSC-loaded scaffolds showed Alizarin Red staining throughout the section after incubation, demonstrating that both undergo osteogenesis on the scaffold material (n = 4). During osteogenic differentiation, scaffolds seeded with both ASC and BMSC showed a decrease in diameter. Unseeded scaffolds showed no decrease in size when in media. The BMSC scaffolds demonstrated a more extensive decrease in size than ASC. The average diameter of ASC loaded scaffolds after differentiation was 2.49 ± 0.39 mm, and that of BMSC-loaded scaffolds was 1.47 ± 0 0.18 mm (n = 3, P < 0.05, Student’s t-test). This suggests a differential ability of ASC and BMSC to break down and metabolize the scaffold matrix, and may indicate that one cell type may be preferable to the other for repairing osteogenic defects using these scaffolds. Current experiments underway will analyse expression of matrix-degrading enzymes to determine the source of the difference between cell types in scaffold shrinkage during differentiation. We will also quantify mineralization in ASC- v. BMSC-loaded scaffolds and assay gene expression of osteogenic markers to determine if there is a difference in osteogenic potential between sources of mesenchymal stem cells on these scaffolds.

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