scholarly journals Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 944-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Julian
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Environmental Transmission ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Globally more than half a million children die every year from diarrheal diseases. ThisPerspectivesuggests that reductions in diarrheal disease transmission in LMICs can be achieved by accounting for site-specific factors when designing environmental interventions. This is discussed in the context of the characteristics of the most important diarrheal diseases as well as environmental reservoirs.

scholarly journals Effect of Food Environment Interventions on Anthropometric Outcomes in School-Aged Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Carducci ◽  
Christina Oh ◽  
Emily C Keats ◽  
Daniel E Roth ◽  
Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

ABSTRACT Food environments may promote access to unhealthy foods, contributing to noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). This review assessed published evidence on the effects of food environment interventions on anthropometric (BMI and weight status) outcomes in school-aged children (5–9 y) and adolescents (10–19 y) (SACA) in LMICs. We summarized randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies (QES) published since 2000 to August 2019 in the peer-reviewed and gray literature that assessed the effects of food-related behavioral and environmental interventions on diet-related health outcomes in SACA in LMICs. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library) were searched using appropriate keywords, Medical Subject Headings, and free text terms. Eleven RCTs and 6 QES met the inclusion criteria, testing multicomponent behavioral and environmental interventions in schools. Analysis of 6 RCTs (n  = 17,054) suggested an overall effect on change in BMI [mean difference (MD): −0.11, 95% CI: −0.19 , −0.03], whereas there was no observed effect in 5 studies using endline BMI (n  = 17,371) (MD: 0.05, 95% CI: −0.32, 0.21). There was no significant pooled effect among the 3 QES (n  = 5,023) that reported differences in change in BMI or endline (MD: −0.37, 95% CI: −0.95, 0.22). There is limited evidence to support the modification of diet-related health outcomes through school-based food environment interventions in SACA in LMICs. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of school and community-based food environment interventions on nutritional status in this population.

scholarly journals Lockdowns and low- and middle-income countries: building a feasible, effective, and ethical COVID-19 response strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oghenowede Eyawo ◽  
A. M. Viens ◽  
Uchechukwu Chidiebere Ugoji
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Income ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractLockdowns can be an effective pandemic response strategy that can buy much needed time to slow disease transmission and adequately scale up preventative, diagnostic, and treatment capacities. However, the broad restrictive measures typically associated with lockdowns, though effective, also comes at a cost – imposing significant social and economic burdens on individuals and societies, especially for those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Like most high-income countries (HICs), many LMICs initially adopted broad lockdown strategies for COVID-19 in the first wave of the pandemic. While many HICs experiencing subsequent waves have returned to employing lockdown strategies until they can receive the first shipments of COVID-19 vaccine, many LMICs will likely have to wait much longer to get comparable access for their own citizens. In leaving LMICs vulnerable to subsequent waves for a longer period of time without vaccines, there is a risk LMICs will be tempted to re-impose lockdown measures in the meantime. In response to the urgent need for more policy development around the contextual challenges involved in employing such measures, we propose some strategies LMICs could adopt for safe and responsible lockdown entrance/exit or to avoid re-imposing coercive restrictive lockdown measures altogether.

scholarly journals District mental healthcare plans for five low-and middle-income countries: Commonalities, variations and evidence gaps

2016 ◽  
Vol 208 (s56) ◽  
pp. s47-s54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Hanlon ◽  
Abebaw Fekadu ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Fred Kigozi ◽  
Inge Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BackgroundLittle is known about the service and system interventions required for successful integration of mental healthcare into primary care across diverse low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).AimsTo examine the commonalities, variations and evidence gaps in district-level mental healthcare plans (MHCPs) developed in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Uganda and South Africa for the PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME).MethodA comparative analysis of MHCP components and human resource requirements.ResultsA core set of MHCP goals was seen across all countries. The MHCPs components to achieve those goals varied, with most similarity in countries within the same resource bracket (low income v. middle income). Human resources for advanced psychosocial interventions were only available in the existing health service in the best-resourced PRIME country.ConclusionsApplication of a standardised methodological approach to MHCP across five LMIC allowed identification of core and site-specific interventions needed for implementation.

scholarly journals Diarrheal Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Incidence, Prevention and Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill W. Ahs ◽  
Wenjing Tao ◽  
Jenny Löfgren ◽  
Birger C. Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Some Conditions for Task Shifting in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Shifting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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