Copper nitrate: a privileged reagent for organic synthesis

This review demonstrates the state-of-the-art applications of copper nitrate as a nitration reagent, oxidant, catalyst, promoter and precursor of nitrile oxides.

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Use of deep eutectic solvents as catalyst: A mini-review

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2019-0003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 355-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ayşe Ezgi Ünlü ◽

Azime Arıkaya ◽

Serpil Takaç

Keyword(s):

Green Chemistry ◽

Organic Synthesis ◽

Catalytic Effect ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Significant Loss ◽

The State ◽

Biochemical Processes ◽

Stoichiometric Amount

Abstract Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) exhibit numerous advantages over conventional ones used in several chemical and biochemical processes. Besides addressing most of the principles of green chemistry, DESs can also act as catalyst depending on their nature. The use of DESs as acid catalyst has several advantages such as utilization at stoichiometric amount, non-toxicity, possibility of the recovery, similar or higher catalytic effect than the acid itself alone, the recyclability and reusability without a significant loss of activity. In this mini-review, the state- of-the-art in the use of DESs as catalyst is presented. The DESs, which show Lewis type acidity, Brønsted type acidity and other types of catalytic influence in various types of reactions including esterification, organic synthesis, glycolysis and depolymerisation are presented and their roles in the reactions are discussed.

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Ester coupling reactions – an enduring challenge in the chemical synthesis of bioactive natural products

Natural Product Reports ◽

10.1039/c4np00106k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 605-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Michail Tsakos ◽

Eva S. Schaffert ◽

Lise L. Clement ◽

Nikolaj L. Villadsen ◽

Thomas B. Poulsen

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Chemical Synthesis ◽

Natural Product ◽

Organic Synthesis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Coupling Reactions ◽

Total Syntheses ◽

Bioactive Natural Products ◽

Complex Ester

In this review we investigate the use of complex ester fragment couplings within natural product total syntheses. Using examples from the literature up to 2014 we illustrate the state-of-the-art as well as the challenges within this area of organic synthesis.

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Enantioselective heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysis

Organic Chemistry Frontiers ◽

10.1039/c4qo00051j ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 582-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Anil Kumar Mutyala ◽

Nitin T. Patil

Keyword(s):

Organic Synthesis ◽

Acid Catalysis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Acid Catalysts ◽

Bronsted Acid ◽

Brønsted Acid ◽

Brönsted Acid ◽

Chiral Bronsted Acid ◽

Bronsted Acid Catalysts

This highlight describes the state-of-the-art applications of appropriately designed heterogeneous chiral Brønsted acid catalysts and their applications in organic synthesis.

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Practical Picture Processing

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051700 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 338-339

Author(s):

T. A. Welton

Keyword(s):

Radiation Damage ◽

Coherence Length ◽

Spatial Information ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Coherent Radiation ◽

The State ◽

Energy Spread ◽

Electron Micrograph ◽

Picture Processing ◽

Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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