scholarly journals Catalytic bias in oxidation–reduction catalysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Mulder ◽  
John W. Peters ◽  
Simone Raugei
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Reaction Intermediates ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Differential Stability

Under steady state conditions, the differential stability of reaction intermediates can alter the rate and the direction of a catalytic process regardless the overall underlying thermodynamic driving force.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on the steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should also contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in the Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force, resistance and flux.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, also a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force-resistance-flux.

Nonequilibrium Steady State of a Nanometric Biochemical System:  Determining the Thermodynamic Driving Force from Single Enzyme Turnover Time Traces

Nano Letters ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 2373-2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Min ◽  
Liang Jiang ◽  
Ji Yu ◽  
S. C. Kou ◽  
Hong Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Nonequilibrium Steady State ◽  
Biochemical System ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Enzyme Turnover ◽  
Single Enzyme

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, also a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force-resistance-flux.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Driving Forces and Chemical Reaction Fluxes; Reflections on the Steady State

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Pekař
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fluid Mixtures ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Chemical Potentials ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reacting Systems

Molar balances of continuous and batch reacting systems with a simple reaction are analyzed from the point of view of finding relationships between the thermodynamic driving force and the chemical reaction rate. Special attention is focused on steady state, which has been the core subject of previous similar work. It is argued that such relationships should contain, besides the thermodynamic driving force, also a kinetic factor, and are of a specific form for a specific reacting system. More general analysis is provided by means of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of linear fluid mixtures. Then, the driving force can be expressed either in Gibbs energy (affinity) form or on the basis of chemical potentials. The relationships can be generally interpreted in terms of force-resistance-flux.

scholarly journals Relationship between Thermodynamic Driving Force and One-Way Fluxes in Reversible Processes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Beard ◽  
Hong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force ◽  
Reversible Processes

Driving forces and structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqi Feng ◽  
Tianshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the driving forces and structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea. This paper gives the answers for the following questions: How do China’s final demands trigger the growth of its imports from Korea? And what’s the impact of China’s final demands on the import in different industries? Design/methodology/approach Based on the Multi-Regional Input-Output model and World Input-Output Table database, this paper constructs the non-competitive imports input-output (IO) table of China to Korea. According to this table, we can calculate the induced imports coefficient and comprehensive induced import coefficients of China’s four final demands for imports from Korea in the 56 industries in China. Findings Among the four driving forces, the strongest one is changes in inventories and valuables. The impact of final consumption expenditure and fixed capital formation is much lower than that of changes in inventories and valuables, but they have a broader impact for the 56 industries. This paper finds out the China’s import induction of the final demands to Korea peaked in 2005 and 2010 and decreased greatly in 2014, so the position of China as market provider for Korea will no longer rise substantially, contrarily it will be in a steady state. Originality/value First, this paper constructs the non-competitive IO table to analyze the market provider issues between two countries and provides practical ways and methods for studies on the issues of imports and market provider. Second, this paper investigates the different roles of four final demands on driving force of China as market provider for Korea and the structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea among 56 industries from 2000 to 2014.

scholarly journals Electrochemistry at Deep‐Sea Hydrothermal Vents: Utilization of the Thermodynamic Driving Force towards the Autotrophic Origin of Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1316-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideshi Ooka ◽  
Shawn E. McGlynn ◽  
Ryuhei Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Thermodynamic Driving Force

scholarly journals Microfiltration with periodic gas backwashing as an alternative technique for increasing permeate flux

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Tijana Urosevic ◽  
Dragan Povrenovic ◽  
Predrag Vukosavljevic ◽  
Ivan Urosevic
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Flow Filtration

In this paper, the influence of operating parameters (transmembrane pressure, temperature, the flow rate of retentate) on the cross - flow microfiltration of synthetic fruit juice and periodic backwashing with air was examined. In the experiments, the Kerasep W5 ceramic membrane with a separation limit of 0.2 ?m was used. The results of experiments in which different transmembrane pressures were used showed that stationary fluxes, at stationary conditions, after 60 minutes, have similar values. So, it can be concluded that the value of the driving force is irrelevant at steady state conditions. However, until the steady state conditions are established, a positive effect of the increase in the driving force is opposed to the negative effect of the increased polarization resistance, as a result of the driving force increase. Thus, the optimal transmembrane pressure was determined amounting to 2 bars. The optimum temperature of the process of clearing the fruit juices by microfiltration is reported as 55?C. Higher temperatures are not used due to a degrading effect on the chemical composition of the juice and a long microfiltration process. With an increase in the temperature of retentate from 22?C to 55?C, the permeate flux increased up to 60%. Increasing the flow rate of retentate reduces the thickness of the formed layer on the surface of the membrane. Due to limitations of the experimental setup and the large surface area of the membrane, the specific velocity of the retentate was low, so that the effects of cross-flow filtration were absent. The use of cross-flow filtration is one of the main requirements for increasing permeate flux, but in the present case it was in overall insufficient, so we have applied periodic air backwashing for improving fruit juice flux during membrane clarification. With this technique, the deposited layer on the membrane is lifted and the permeate flux is maintained at high levels preventing establishment of the steady state in the low flux zone. The time spent for the periodic backwashing was low as compared to the benefits of the increase in the collected permeate quantity. In all experiments with periodic backwashing with air, the collected permeate quantity is higher for up to 72.5 % as compared to experiments without backwashing. By increasing the backwashing duration, the flux increase is up to 5 %, which can be significant for microfiltration at industrial scale. Therefore, this technique is certainly recommended for microfiltration in the production of fruit juices.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document