Bio quantum path duality metamorphosizes Newtonian rigid inertia into bio-inertia

Newtonian inertia has initiated science centuries ago and dictates modern society with isolated logic systems. The hidden premise of this system is rigid existence in an isolated environment that defies any internal motion. The equivalent principle from general relativity and the T-symmetry reversible processes from thermodynamics also rely on such a notion. However, bio-inertia originates from the blind spots of this system; surface tension region inversion as the most general interactions is sacrificed for methodological isolation/test purposes and then neglected by science. We define and experiment bio-inertia as “parameter-against-gravity-recovery”, revealing the interaction between Planck regions and surface tension regions issues negentropy, conventional quantum collapse period is then extended to lifespan. This modulation which integrates quantum mechanics, gravitational waves, thermodynamics into surface tension bio quantum path duality needs to break the isolated logic method and takes musical inversion as structural dynamics in bio-systems, generalized as Basic Law of Evolution. An original evolutionary physical string oscillation memory equation is unveiled for the first time.

Targeting Histone Modifications in Breast Cancer: A Precise Weapon on the Way

Histone modifications (HMs) contribute to maintaining genomic stability, transcription, DNA repair, and modulating chromatin in cancer cells. Furthermore, HMs are dynamic and reversible processes that involve interactions between numerous enzymes and molecular components. Aberrant HMs are strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer (BC), although the specific mechanisms are not completely understood. Moreover, there is no comprehensive overview of abnormal HMs in BC, and BC therapies that target HMs are still in their infancy. Therefore, this review summarizes the existing evidence regarding HMs that are involved in BC and the potential mechanisms that are related to aberrant HMs. Moreover, this review examines the currently available agents and approved drugs that have been tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies to evaluate their effects on HMs. Finally, this review covers the barriers to the clinical application of therapies that target HMs, and possible strategies that could help overcome these barriers and accelerate the use of these therapies to cure patients.

On reversible processes

John D. Norton argues that reversible processes are not realizable due to contradictory definitions of reversible processes - a system is simultaneously in equilibrium while not in equilibrium. Against this argument, I argue that thermodynamics should be viewed as a way of summarizing our epistemic uncertainties. In this view, thermodynamic notions have nothing to do with dS/dt=0, where S refers to entropy.

STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ON THE BASIS OF THE POSTULATE OF NONEQUILIBRIUM

Most physical laws are quantitative expressions of the philosophical laws of the conservation of matter and its properties of motion. The first law of thermodynamics (FLT) is an analytical expression of the law of conservation of motion when its shape changes. As for the second law of thermodynamics (SLT), it has not yet been clarified which property of matter does not change during the course of reversible processes and changes during the course of irreversible processes in an isolated system (IS). Hence, a large number of the SLT statements and an abundance of material to clarify these formulations. The author of the SLT is based on the “postulate of nonequilibrium”, according to which there is an objective property of matter - “nonequilibrium”, which characterizes the unequal distribution of matter and movement in space. All processes (reversible and irreversible) can proceed only in nonequilibrium systems. This leads to the only formulation of the second law of thermodynamics: when the reversible (ideal) processes occur in an isolated system, the nonequilibrium is preserved, and with the occurrence of irreversible (real) processes – decreases. When the system reaches an equilibrium state, the nonequilibrium disappears, and all processes cease. As a quantitative measure of the nonequilibrium of the system, we consider the maximum work that can be done when a nonequilibrium system transitions to an equilibrium state. The following quantities are used to calculate this work: “potential difference”, “entropy difference”, change in exergy. All these values decrease in the course of real (irreversible) processes in the isolated system and do not change in the course of reversible processes. As a result, a generalized expression of the SLT through the quantitative characteristics of the nonequilibrium of the system in the form of an inequality, which includes R. Claudius’s inequality for changing the entropy of an isolated system, is obtained.

A platinum(II) molecular hinge with motions visualized by phosphorescence changes

With the rapidly growing exploration of artificial molecular machines and their applications, there is a strong demand to develop molecular machines that can have their motional states and configuration/conformation changes detectable by more sensitive and innovative methods. A visual artificial molecular hinge with phosphorescence behavior changes is designed and synthesized using square-planar cyclometalated platinum(II) complex and rigid aromatic alkynyl groups as the building blocks to construct the wings/flaps and axis, respectively. The molecular motions of this single molecular hinge and its reversible processes can be powered by both solvent and temperature changes. The rotary motion can be conveniently observed by the visual phosphorescence changes from deep-red to green emission in real time.

Imperfect Thermalizations Allow for Optimal Thermodynamic Processes

Optimal (reversible) processes in thermodynamics can be modelled as step-by-step processes, where the system is successively thermalized with respect to different Hamiltonians by an external thermal bath. However, in practice interactions between system and thermal bath will take finite time, and precise control of their interaction is usually out of reach. Motivated by this observation, we consider finite-time and uncontrolled operations between system and bath, which result in thermalizations that are only partial in each step. We show that optimal processes can still be achieved for any non-trivial partial thermalizations at the price of increasing the number of operations, and characterise the corresponding tradeoff. We focus on work extraction protocols and show our results in two different frameworks: A collision model and a model where the Hamiltonian of the working system is controlled over time and the system can be brought into contact with a heat bath. Our results show that optimal processes are robust to noise and imperfections in small quantum systems, and can be achieved by a large set of interactions between system and bath.

Reversible Insertion of CO into an Aluminium–Carbon Bond

While reversible main-group mediated processes involving H2 and alkenes have been reported and studied for over a decade, no such reversible processes involving CO have been reported. In this paper, we show that a [2.2.1] aluminium metallobicycle is capable of reversibly inserting CO to form a [2.2.2] metallobicycle at 100 °C. Eyring analysis allowed determination of the Gibbs activation energy of the back-reaction, CO elimination reaction with G‡298K = 26.6 ±3.0 kcal mol-1. Computational studies reveal a highly asynchronous, but concerted, transition state for CO insertion. The coordination of CO to aluminium precedes C–C bond formation. The reversible migratory insertion reaction mimics that known for transition-metal and marks an important step forward for main group systems.