scholarly journals The algae revolution 2.0: the potential of algae for the production of food, feed, fuel and bioproducts – why we need it now

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mayfield ◽  
Michael Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Animal Life ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
The World ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Underground Reservoirs

Algae made our world possible, and it can help us make the future more sustainable; but we need to change the way we live and adopt new more efficient production systems, and we need to do that now. When the world was new, the atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide, and no animal life was possible. Along came algae with the process of photosynthesis, and things began to change. Ancient cyanobacteria algae turned carbon dioxide into enormous sums of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, while they secreted oxygen into the atmosphere. Over a billion years, as oxygen filled the air and algae filled the seas, animal life became possible. Eventually all that algae biomass became petroleum and natural gas, which for eons sat undisturbed in vast underground reservoirs, holding enormous sums of untapped energy. Less than 200 years ago humans learned to tap these energy reserves to create the world we know today, but in so doing, we have released millions of years of stored CO2 back into the atmosphere. Algae can again help make the world a better place, but this will require new thinking and new ways of producing our food, feed and fuels. We need an algae revolution 2.0.

Non-Catalytic Plasma-Arc Reforming of Natural Gas With Carbon Dioxide as the Oxidizing Agent for the Production of Synthesis Gas or Hydrogen

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert W. Basson ◽  
P. W. E. Blom
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Plasma Arc ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Petrochemical Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

The world’s energy consumption is increasing constantly due to the growing population of the world. The increasing energy consumption has a negative effect on the fossil fuel reserves of the world. Hydrogen has the potential to provide energy for all our needs by making use of fossil fuel such as natural gas and nuclear-based electricity. Hydrogen can be produced by reforming methane with carbon dioxide as the oxidizing agent. Hydrogen can be produced in a Plasma-arc reforming unit making use of the heat energy generated by a 500 MWt Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR). The reaction in the unit takes place stoichiometrically in the absence of a catalyst. Steam can be added to the feed stream together with the Carbon Dioxide, which make it possible to control the H2/CO ratio in the synthesis gas between 1/1 and 3/1. This ratio of H2/CO in the synthesis gas is suitable to be used as feed gas to almost any chemical and petrochemical process. To increase the hydrogen production further, the Water-Gas Shift Reaction can be applied. A techno-economic analysis was performed on the non-catalytic plasma-arc reforming process. The capital cost of the plant is estimated at $463 million for the production of 1132 million Nm3/year of hydrogen. The production cost of hydrogen is in the order of $12.81 per GJ depending on the natural gas cost and the price of electricity.

XII.—Products of the Natural Development of Coal and Oil

1935 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Henry Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oil Pool ◽  
Natural Pressure ◽  
In Fire ◽  
By Products

The discharge of gas from a coal seam or oil pool is at once the sign of a continuing change of composition in the fuel and an indication of the nature of the change. The process of change, which has been termed autometamorphism, is accelerated by warmth and pressure, and the chief by-products are carbon dioxide, methane, and water (Briggs, 1931). Other gases are found in fire-damp, but in proportions that are relatively so insignificant that, in the present connection, they may be altogether disregarded. The mixture known as “natural gas,” occurring in association with petroleum, usually contains other hydrocarbons besides methane; indeed, the “wet” gas set free from oil when the natural pressure is released may consist almost entirely of members of the paraffin series heavier than methane. Nevertheless the natural gas obtained from oilfields is chiefly CH4. The mean of 22 analyses of natural gas from oilfields in various parts of the world gives CH4, 86·3; CO2, 3·0; N2, 6·2 per cent. (Bacon and Hamor, 1916). In a generalised inquiry, then, it will be sufficiently accurate to reckon the whole of the inflammable ingredient of both natural gas and fire-damp as methane.

Development of Efficient Production Systems for Forest Tree Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
Naoki Negishi ◽  
Katsuhiko Nakahama ◽  
Nobuyuki Urata ◽  
Toshiaki Tanabe
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Tree Seedlings

The Economic Price of Natural Gas in Pakistan (Notes & Comments)

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-484
Author(s):  
J. Faaland ◽  
J. R. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Irrigate Land ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Price ◽  
Tarbela Dam

The World Bank Study," Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan" [1], is one of the most thorough-going and sophisticated of its type. In re¬reading it we have been struck by a curious argument related to the real benefits to be expected from the construction of the Tarbela dam. It was designed to produce electricity as well as to irrigate land and it was necessary to estimate the benefits that the electricity would confer. One way of doing this was to estimate the saving that would be made by using hydro-power instead of natural gas or imported fuel, for electricity generation. This meant that an appropriate set of prices had to be estimated for Pakistan's supply of natural gas. The way in which this was done was, to say the least, unusual. The relevant passage justi¬fying the approach adopted is as follows:

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