Physical-Chemical Properties of Compressible Clathrates: A Natural Pressure Shift by Extending the van der Waals and Platteeuw Model

We have developed a new model for compressible clathrates that extends the well-known van der Waals and Platteeuw model. The new model is derived by dispensing with the assumption of constant cages radii in the partition function level, resulting in new thermodynamically consistent expressions relating thermodynamic properties of the hydrate phase and the empty lattice isochoric reference. One set of additional parameters to the clathrate modeling framework is introduced, consisting of a scaling factor for each cage radius relative to the edge length of the unit cell. No additional guest-dependent empirical parameters are required. The model exhibits two features not previously reported in the literature: (i) a pressure shift between the clathrate being described and the empty lattice isochoric reference, and (ii) differences in the edge length of the unit cell and in the cages radii for different guest species at the same temperature and pressure, as a consequence of the sorption of guests. We also propose a test for thermodynamic consistency at high pressure, based on the multicomponent and multiphase Clapeyron equation. Using this test, we show that the proposed model solves an inconsistency issue observed in phase equilibrium calculations with some of the compressible clathrate models currently in use. We have performed parameter optimization for methane, ethane, and xenon in sI hydrates. Two sets of results are presented: 3-phase equilibrium conditions; and lattice size versus temperature or pressure for each of these substances, along with available experimental data.

THE AERODYNANIIC CALCULATION OF RAILROAD TUNNELS LINE OF MARABDA-AKHALQALAQI

The provided air expenses in tunnel are determined with the aerodynamic calculation of train motion pistol effect and after movement effect. It is ascertained, that for the tunnel conditions air expenses that are processed with pistol effect are approximately 2/3 removed towards train motion and 1/3 flows орposite to the free space between train and tunnel strengthening. The last one provokes air turbulence and represents common aerodynamic resistance stand face. Despite this, all galleries of Marabda-Akhalqalaqi train main lines can be aerated on expense of train pistol effect with aroused natural pressure. The use of his pressure could be more effective if every chamber and niche will be equipped with ventilation cavity on the both sides of tunnel. The every cavity section area should be 5.6 m2. The noted measures will shorten aerodynamic resistance a rouse by air flowing in distances and would be more outhunted by calculation of railroad tunnels line of Marabda—Akhalqalaqi.

The response of a fractured crystalline reservoir to natural pressure buildup: Experiment results from the Bedretto Lab

<p>The Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and GeoEnergies, located in the Swiss Alps and situated under more than 1 km of granitic overburden, offers a unique field site to study processes in fractured rock. Currently, a total of six boreholes are available, four of them being permanently instrumented with monitoring equipment, and two dedicated as stimulation boreholes. One of the monitoring boreholes contains permanent packed-off intervals which record pressure changes and flow rate. The remaining three are instrumented with a variety of sensors, including fiber-optic micro-strain sensors, temperature monitoring, permanent geophones and accelerometers. All monitoring boreholes are either sealed with packers or cemented, and only the stimulation boreholes allow for outflow. During a period of several weeks, we were able to seal the two stimulation boreholes and allow the reservoir to approach ambient pressure conditions (more than 3 MPa at the wellhead) while we monitored the response of the reservoir. The pressure buildup shows not only in the pressure data, but also as stress changes in the reservoir. During a depressurization phase, we quickly opened one borehole and subsequently performed time-lapse single-hole Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements. At a second depressurization phase, we continued the GPR measurements while opening the second borehole in a controlled manner. The changes in strain, pressure and GPR reflectivity illuminate the response of the reservoir when moving from ambient to atmospheric pressure at the wellhead, and reveal processes such as wellbore storage, pore-pressure variations and ultimately permeability changes in the reservoir.</p>

Adaptation of Religion and Local Wisdom in Global Environmental Issues in Indonesia

This study focuses on how the adaptation efforts and survival strategies of local communities in Indonesia to the non-natural pressure on nature and the value of their local wisdom in protecting and preserving the environment. Anthropological, ecological, and related literature on local communities are used as a review and analytical framework. The selected local communities are the Mentawai tribe, the slopes of Mount Merapi, and the Balinese in Indonesia. These three case studies show that the adaptations and strategies carried out by local communities are diverse and have different knowledge implications. The Mentawai tribe in maintaining the tradition of arat sabulungan and Balinese in revitalizing Wariga can adjust and adapt well when faced with natural ecological cycles and non-natural penetration. That is because its application is more flexible, practical, and intellectual than putting forward the device of beliefs and myths. While the case of the local community on the slopes of Merapi, which has local significance in the form of cosmological teachings in disaster management, tends to prioritize faith that is rooted more in myth than knowledge related to the objective world. Therefore, when this set of knowledge in local wisdom struggles to surpass marginalized status, the two cases of the Mentawai and Balinese communities can become persuasive and adaptive. In contrast, the local community on the slopes of Merapi is more challenging to adapt. The study also recommends that it is time for traditional knowledge originating from local wisdom in Indonesia to be adapted, modified and used as an essential resource in managing contemporary environmental issues effectively and collaboratively.

Efficacité au champ de l’ANTRACOL 70 WP, un fongicide à base du Propineb 70%, sous pression naturelle de l’helminthosporiose du riz due à Bipolaris oryzae

L’helminthosporiose est l’une des maladies fongiques majeures, à l’origine des pertes de production rizicole en Côte d’Ivoire. Dans le but de réduire ces pertes, une étude portant sur l’évaluation de l’efficacité du fongicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (Propineb 70%) a été réalisée sous pression naturelle de maladie. Trois doses du fongicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (1,5 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1, 2,5 kg ha-1) et une dose du fongicide de référence COGA 80 WP (mancozèbe, 800 g/kg) à 2 kg ha-1 ont été évaluées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les gains de rendement dus à l’utilisation du fongicide sont en moyenne de 80,05%. La note de sévérité (2) enregistrée dans la parcelle traitée avec l’ANTRACOL 70 WP a été identique à celle obtenue dans la parcelle traitée au COGA 80 WP. Ce résultat montre que l’ANTRACOL 70 WP a été efficace contre l’helminthosporiose du riz. Les rendements en paddy acquis sous les différents traitements fongicides ont montré qu’à la dose de 2,5 kg ha-1, l’ANTRACOL 70 WP a permis de doubler au moins le rendement en paddy (2,72 t ha-1) par rapport aux parcelles traitée au COGA (1,36 t ha-1) et non traitée au fongicide (0,89 t ha-1).Mots clés : Riz pluvial, helminthosporiose, sévérité, ANTRACOL 70 WP, Côte d’Ivoire. English Title: Field efficacy of ANTRACOL 70 WP, a fungicide based on Propineb 70%, under natural pressure of rice leaf brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzaeBrown spot is one of the major fungus diseases inducing yield losses of rice in Côte d’Ivoire. In order to reduce those losses, a study to assess the effectiveness of the fungicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (propineb 70%) was carried out under disease natural pressure. Three doses of the fungicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (1.5 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1, 2.5 kg ha-1) and a recommended dose of a reference fungicide COGA 80 WP (mancozeb, 800 g / kg) at 2 kg ha-1 were evaluated. The results obtained showed that the average yield gains due to the use of this fungicide was 80,05%. The severity score recorded in the plot treated with ANTRACOL 70 WP (note = 2) was identical to that obtained in the plot treated with COGA 80 WP. This result shows that ANTRACOL 70 WP was effective against brown spot disease of rice. The paddy yields recorded under the various fungicidal treatments have shown that at a dose of 2.5 kg ha-1, the ANTRACOL 70 WP allowed to at least double the paddy yield (2.72 t ha-1) compared to plots treated with COGA (1.36 t ha-1) and not treated with fungicide (0.89 t ha-1).Keywords: Rainfed rice, brown spot disease, severity, ANTRACOL 70 WP, Côte d´Ivoire.

Evaluation of Cercospora oryzae Miyake under natural pressure conditions.

Objective: This study is a contribution to the knowledge of Cercospora oryzae Miyake, in order to increase yields. It will consist in: i) evaluating the resistance of five varieties of rice, ii) evaluating the effect of Cercospora oryzae Miyake on the leaf and panicle stages and iii) evaluating the yield. Methodology and results: The study will combine phenotypic and agromorphological tools. On the ninety first (91th) day after sowing, a high incidence of leaf Cercosporiosis was recorded on the varieties TS2 (29.74%), FKR34 (27%) and a very low incidence on the variety ORYLUX6 (5, 78%). From tillering to panicle initiation, the rate of progression of the epidemic r2 = 0.879 is significant in TS2. The ORYLUX6 variety is the most capable of slowing the progression of the epidemic. At the panicular level, from the pasty grain stage to the milky grain stage, the incidence has increased for most of the varieties. The ORYLUX6 recorded the highest yield with 4.38 t/ ha. Conclusion and application potential of the results: Cercospora oryzae Miyake causes a drop in yieldby reducing the leaf area of thr leaves. Cercospora oryzae Miyake is an important disease of rice in SudBenin. These results constiyute a stage of an in-depth research work on the characterization (agronomic and genetic) of Cercospora oryzae Miyake in order to propose methods of control. Key words: Cercospora oryzae, incidence, yield, rice, Benin. RESUME Objectifs : L’étude a été une contribution à la connaissance de Cercospora oryzae Miyake afin d’accroitre les rendements. Elle a consistée a : i) évaluer la résistance de cinq variétés de riz, ii) évaluer l’effet de Cercospora oryzae Miyake sur les stades foliaires et paniculaires et iii) évaluer le rendement. Méthodologie et résultats : L’étude a combinée des outils phénotypiques et agromorphologiques. Au quatre-vingt onzième jour après semis on a enregistré une forte incidence de la cercosporiose foliaire sur les variétés TS2 (29,74%), FKR34 (27%) et une très faible incidence sur la variété ORYLUX6 (5,78%). Du stade tallage à l’initiation paniculaire le taux de progression de l’épidémie r2=0,879 a été important chez TS2. La variété ORYLUX6 a été la plus apte à freiner la progression de l’épidémie. Du stade grain pâteux Gnancadja et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Evaluation of Cercospora oryzae Miyake under natural pressure conditions. 15531 au stade grain laiteux l’incidence à augmentée pour la plus part des variétés. ORYLUX6 a enregistré le rendement le plus élève (4,38 t/ha). Conclusion et application potentielle des résultats: Cercospora oryzae Miyake entraine une baisse de rendement en réduisant les surfaces foliaires des feuilles. La cercosporiose est une affection importante du riz au Sud-Bénin. Ces résultats constituent une étape d’un travail de recherche approfondi sur la caractérisation (agronomique et génétique) de Cercospora oryzae Miyake afin de proposer des méthodes de luttes. Mot clés : Cercospora oryzae, incidence, rendement, riz, Bénin.

Air Change in Low and High-Rise Apartments

Air exchange in tall apartment buildings is critical in controlling indoor environments in urban settings. Airtightness is relevant to energy efficiency, thermal comfort and air quality experienced by urban dwellers who spend much of their time indoors. While many air change measurements have been made in residential homes, fewer are available for high-rise apartments. The blower-door and CO2 exchange methods were used to measure air change in some Hong Kong apartment buildings, for comparison with those from other parts of the world. Hong Kong apartments are often small and typical rented apartments show a median of seven air changes per hour under a 50 Pa pressure difference, similar to Mediterranean houses, though much greater than the airtight buildings of Northern Europe. Extrapolation of blower-door measurements made at 50 Pa to the natural pressure difference measured for individual Hong Kong apartments provides an approximation (within 8%) of the natural air change rate measured with a tracer. Air flow is a function of the pressure difference ∆Pnf and the exponent n was found close to the typical 0.6. There was a positive relationship between air permeability and construction age, but some of this also seems to reflect varying levels of maintenance by the building management companies. The median exchange in the apartments under naturally ventilated conditions was 0.26 h−1, not atypical of some houses on the US West Coast.

inserção internacional da cidade de Uberlândia-MG: um processo em evolução

A globalização ampliou a participação de outros atores nas relações internacionais, tais como governos subnacionais e diversas instituições não governamentais (ONGs, empresas, universidades etc.). Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar, com um estudo de caso da inserção internacional de Uberlândia-MG, que uma cidade pode se internacionalizar com a participação de diversos atores, por meio de uma governança multinível. Ademais, tomando-se como referência a definição de cidade internacional, de Panayotis Soldatos – que aponta ser a paradiplomacia pública um dos critérios para se chegar a esta característica –, demonstra-se, também, o fato de que Uberlândia-MG vem avançando na sua internacionalização, mesmo sem a existência de uma paradiplomacia pública. Este trabalho também utiliza o método prospectivo de Michel Godet, a fim de criar um simples cenário de médio prazo para a inserção internacional de Uberlândia-MG, baseando-se nos chamados “fatos portadores de futuro”. Nesse sentido, ao se observar as ações que já vêm sendo colocadas em prática, por diversos atores, ao longo dos últimos 18 anos – ressaltando a criação, em 2017, de uma Câmara Técnica para fins de internacionalização, numa instituição municipal não governamental (o CODEN), com a participação do setor privado, das universidades, da sociedade civil e do governo municipal –, é possível visualizar um cenário de evolução, cada vez maior, dessa internacionalização, até o final da próxima década. Afinal, isso criou uma pressão natural sobre o governo municipal, a fim de que ele começasse a participar, efetivamente, dessa inserção internacional, por meio de uma paradiplomacia pública que também fortalecerá esse processo. Abstract: The globalization process has expanded the participation of other actors in the international relations, such as subnational governments and many non-governmental institutions (NGOs, private corporations, universities etc.). In this sense, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate – taking a case study about the international insertion of Uberlândia City, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil – that a city can be International with the participation of many actors, through multi-level governance. Moreover, taking as reference Panayotis Soldatos´ definition of international city – which considers the public paradiplomacy as one of all factors needed to reach that characteristic –, it is also demonstrated the fact that Uberlândia City has evolved in its process of internationalization, even without the existence of a public paradiplomacy. This paper also utilizes some basic principles from the Michel Godet´s prospective method, in order to elaborate a simple mid-term scenario for the internationalization of Uberlândia City, based on the “fact bearer of future”. Then, observing many actions that have already been put into practice by several actors along the last 18 years – highlighting the creation of a Technical Chamber for internationalization, inside a local institution (CODEN), in 2017, which is composed by private sector, universities, civil society and local government –, it is possible to elaborate a scenario that indicates the evolution of this internationalization until the end of the next decade. Eventually, it was created a natural pressure on the municipal government to participate effectively in the process of international insertion, elaborating a public paradiplomacy, which will further strengthen this process. Keywords: Subnational actors, internationalization of cities, public paradiplomacy, multi-level governance, Uberlândia City. Recebido em: agosto/2018.Aprovado em: novembro/2018.

The Principles of Energy Efficient Microclimate Provision in the Skyscraper “Biotecton” of 1 km Height

The article deals with the formation of a healthy human living environment in superstructure buildings with the requirements of indoor air quality, environmental and constructive safety. The results of the development of "Biotecton" - an ultra-high-rise multi-functional building (the height is 1000 m) are presented. In order to effectively overcome the wind and seismic loads, the principles of the structure of the natural form (Gramineae stems, Triticale) are used. It is a multi-tiered spatial structure, in the nodes of which there are dampers for limiting oscillatory movements. For solving the problems of increasing the energy efficiency of ventilation and air conditioning, the use of air from height 1000 m with the minimum of anthropogenic pollution is investigated. Two mechanisms of the movement of air in a superstructure were investigated: natural impulses (under the action of gravitational pressure and wind) and mechanical (fans). It is shown that the natural pressure is insufficient for air movement. The mechanical impulse is necessary, but its energy requirement can be compensated by a renewable energy source - wind turbines with a total capacity of 5.3 MW. For high air quality, the use of "oxygen gardens" in green areas, which are evenly spaced along the entire height of the building, is explored. The study proposed a list of plants that effectively clean air from pollution, sequestrate excess CO2, enrich the air with oxygen and release phytoncides that effectively fight against pathogenic microorganisms.