scholarly journals Purification and characterization of kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Noguchi ◽  
Y Minatogawa ◽  
E Okuno ◽  
M Nakatani ◽  
M Morimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Wide Range

1. Kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats by the same procedure. The three enzyme preparations had nearly identical pH optima, substrate specificities and molecular weights. Isoenzyme 1 was active with 2-oxoglutarate but not with pyruvate as amino acceptor, and utilized a wide range of amino acids as amino donors. Amino acids were effective in the following order to activity: L-aspartate greater than L-tyrosine greater than L-phenylalanine greater than L-tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan greater than L-kynurenine. The molecular weight was approximately 88 000 as determined by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The pH optimum was between 8.0 and 8.5. On the basis of substrate specificity, substrate inhibition, subcellular distribution and polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, it is suggested that liver, brain and small intestinal kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) is identical with mitochondrial tyrosine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and also with mitochondrial aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. 2. An additional kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was purified from the liver. This enzyme was specific for 2-oxoglutarate and L-kynurenine. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation gave a molecular weight of approximately 100 000. The pH optimum was between 6.0 and 6.5. This enzyme was not detected in the brain or small intestine.

scholarly journals Crystallization and characterization of human liver kynurenine–glyoxylate aminotransferase. Identity with alanine–glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine–pyruvate aminotransferase

1980 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuo Okuno ◽  
Yohsuke Minatogawa ◽  
Masayuki Nakamura ◽  
Naoki Kamoda ◽  
Junko Nakanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Analytical Ultracentrifugation ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Glyoxylate Aminotransferase

Kynurenine–glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine–glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine–pyruvate aminotransferase were co-purified and crystallized as yellow cubes from human liver particulate fraction. The crystalline enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated as approx. 90000, 89000 and 99000 by the use of gel filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation respectively, with two identical subunits. The enzyme has a s20,w value of 5.23S, an isoelectric point of 8.3 and a pH optimum between 9.0 and 9.5. The enzyme solution showed absorption maxima at 280 and 420nm. The enzyme catalysed transamination between several l-amino acids and pyruvate or glyoxylate. The order of effectiveness of amino acids was alanine>serine>glutamine>glutamate>methionine>kynurenine = phenylalanine = asparagine>valine>histidine>lysine>leucine>isoleucine>arginine>tyrosine = threonine>aspartate, with glyoxylate as amino acceptor. The enzyme was active with glyoxylate, oxaloacetate, hydroxypyruvate, pyruvate, 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate and 2-oxobutyrate, but showed little activity with phenylpyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate, with kynurenine as amino donor. Kynurenine–glyoxylate aminotransferase activity was competitively inhibited by the addition of l-alanine or l-serine. From these results we conclude that kynurenine–glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine–glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine–pyruvate aminotransferase activities of human liver are catalysed by a single protein. Kinetic parameters for the kynurenine–glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine–glyoxylate aminotransferase, serine–pyruvate aminotransferase and alanine–hydroxypyruvate aminotransferase reactions of the enzyme are presented.

scholarly journals Purification, characterization and identification of rat liver histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes

1976 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Noguchi ◽  
E Okuno ◽  
Y Minatogawa ◽  
R Kido
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Aminotransferase Activity ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum

1. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver, as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isolectric focusing. Both enzyme preparations were remarkably similar in physical and enzymic properties. Isoenzyme 1 had pI8.0 and a pH optimum of 9.0. The enzyme was active with pyruvate as amino acceptor but not with 2-oxoglutarate, and utilized various aromatic amino acids as amino donors in the following order of activity: phenylalanine greater than tyrosine greater than histidine. Very little activity was found with tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values were about 2.6mM for histidine and 2.7 mM for phenylalanine. Km values for pyruvate were about 5.2mM with phenylalanine as amino donor and 1.1mM with histidine. The aminotransferase activity of the enzyme towards phenylalanine was inhibited by the addition of histidine. The mol.wt. determined by gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation was approx. 70000. The mitochondrial and supernatant isoenzyme 1 activities increased approximately 25-fold and 3.2-fold respectively in rats repeatedly injected with glucagon for 2 days. 2. An additional histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was partially purified from both the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver. Nearly identical properties were observed with both preparations. Isoenzyme 2 had pI5.2 and a pH optimum of 9.3. The enzyme was specific for pyruvate and did not function with 2-oxoglutarate. The order of effectiveness of amino donors was tyrosine = phenylalanine greater than histidine greater than tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values for histidine and phenylalanine were about 0.51 and 1.8 mM respectively. Km values for pyruvate were about 3.5mM with phenylalanine and 4.7mM with histidine as amino donors. Histidine inhibited phenylalanine aminotransferase activity of the enzyme. Gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded a mol.wt. of approx. 90000. Neither the mitochondrial nor the supernatant isoenzyme 2 activity was elevated by glucagon injection.

scholarly journals Organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes

1976 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Noguchi ◽  
Y Minatogawa ◽  
E Okuno ◽  
R Kido
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Amino Donor

The organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes 1 and 2 was examined by using an isoelectric-focusing technique. Isoenzyme 1 (pI8.0) is present only in the liver and its activity is increased by the injection of glucagon, whereas isoenzyme 2 (pI5.2) is distributed in all tissues (liver, kidney, brain and heart) tested, and is not affected by glucagon injection. Isoenzyme 2 of the liver, kidney, brain and heart was purified by the same procedure and characterized. Isoenzyme 2 preparations from these four tissues were nearly identical in physical and enzymic properties. These properties differed from those previously found for the highly purified isoenzyme 1 preparation of rat liver. Isoenzyme 2 was active with pyruvate but not with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor. Amino donors were effective in the following order of activity: tyrosine greater than histidine greater than phenylalanine greater than kynurenine greater than tryptophan. Very little activity was found with 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km for histidine was about 0.45 mM. The Km for pyruvate was about 4.5 mM with histidine as amino donor. The amino-transferase activities of isoenzyme 2 towards phenylalanine and tyrosine were inhibited by histidine. The ratio of aminotransferase activities towards these three amino acids was constant through gel filtration, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the purified isoenzyme 2 preparations. These results suggest that these three activities are properties of the same enzyme protein. Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded mol.wts. of approx. 95000 and 92000 respectively. The pH optimum was between 9.0 and 9.3.

The Combining Ability of Glycoproteins IIb, IIIa and Ca2+ in EDTA-Treated Nonaggregable Platelets

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (04) ◽  
pp. 848-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie B Zucker ◽  
David Varon ◽  
Nicholas C Masiello ◽  
Simon Karpatkin
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis ◽  
Triton X

SummaryPlatelets deprived of calcium and incubated at 37° C for 10 min lose their ability to bind fibrinogen or aggregate with ADP when adequate concentrations of calcium are restored. Since the calcium complex of glycoproteins (GP) IIb and IIIa is the presumed receptor for fibrinogen, it seemed appropriate to examine the behavior of these glycoproteins in incubated non-aggregable platelets. No differences were noted in the electrophoretic pattern of nonaggregable EDTA-treated and aggregable control CaEDTA-treated platelets when SDS gels of Triton X- 114 fractions were stained with silver. GP IIb and IIIa were extracted from either nonaggregable EDTA-treated platelets or aggregable control platelets with calcium-Tris-Triton buffer and subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation or crossed immunoelectrophoresis. With both types of platelets, these glycoproteins formed a complex in the presence of calcium. If the glycoproteins were extracted with EDTA-Tris-Triton buffer, or if Triton-solubilized platelet membranes were incubated with EGTA at 37° C for 30 min, GP IIb and IIIa were unable to form a complex in the presence of calcium. We conclude that inability of extracted GP IIb and IIIa to combine in the presence of calcium is not responsible for the irreversible loss of aggregability that occurs when whole platelets are incubated with EDTA at 37° C.

scholarly journals Alteration of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor stability and nuclear binding in vitro by citrate

1983 ◽  
Vol 210 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hubbard ◽  
M Kalimi
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Nuclear Binding ◽  
Wide Range

Citrate greatly stabilized rat hepatic unbound glucocorticoid receptors in cell-free conditions at 4 degrees C with optimal effectiveness at 5-15 mM. Control receptors were inactivated at 4 degrees C with a half-life of less than 12 h. However, in the presence of 10 mM-citrate, unbound receptors were almost completely stabilized for 48 h at 4 degrees C. Citrate at a concentration of 1-2 mM yielded half-maximal stabilization. The stabilizing effect of citrate was rather specific, as succinate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate, malate and pyruvate had no apparent stabilizing action. Citrate stabilized receptors over a wide range of H+ concentrations, with complete protection between pH 6.5 and 8.5. In addition, citrate appeared to have a significant effect on glucocorticoid-receptor complex activation into a nuclear binding form. Thus 5-10 mM-citrate enhanced nuclear binding, with optimal activation achieved at 10 mM concentration. As analysed by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, no apparent change was observed in the physical characteristics of the glucocorticoid receptor in the presence of citrate.

3 ß-Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase in Suspension Cultures of Digitalis lanata EH RH

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildegard Maria Warneck ◽  
Hanns Ulrich Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Digitalis Lanata ◽  
Substrate Kinetics ◽  
Soluble Part

Abstract A 3 β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase was isolated and characterized in the microsomes of Digitalis lanata cell cultures. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione to 5a-pregnan-3 β-ol-20-one and requires NAD(P)H2. The enzyme was found to have a pH optimum of 80. The reaction had an optimum incubation temperature of 25 °C with linear reduction for the first 4 h, reaching maximum enzyme activity after 7 h. Substrate kinetics for 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione and NADPH2 resulted in apparent Km-values of 18.5-20 (µM for 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione and 50-120 µM for the co-substrate NADPH2. In order to localize 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase differential centrifugation as well as linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation were performed. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase is not associated with a single cell compartment, but consists of a major soluble part and a markedly smaller part of endoplasmic reticulum-associated activity

scholarly journals Purification of Torpedo californica post-synaptic membranes and fractionation of their constituent proteins

1980 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Elliott ◽  
S G Blanchard ◽  
W Wu ◽  
J Miller ◽  
C D Strader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Synaptic Membranes ◽  
Detergent Solution ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Torpedo Californica

A rapid methof for preparation of membrane fractions highly enriched in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electroplax is described. The major step in this purification involves sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation in a reorienting rotor. Further purification of these membranes can be achieved by selective extraction of proteins by use of alkaline pH or by treatment with solutions of lithium di-idosalicylate. The alkali-treated membranes retain functional characteristics of the untreated membranes and in addition contain essentially only the four polypeptides (mol.wts. 40000, 50000, 60000 and 65000) characteristic of the receptor purified by affinity chromatography. Dissolution of the purified membranes or of the alkali-treated purified membranes in sodium cholate solution followed by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation in the same detergent solution yields solubilized receptor preparations comparable with the most highly purified protein obtained by affinity-chromatographic procedures.

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