scholarly journals Metabolic activation of acetylenic substituents to derivatives in the rat causing the loss of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and haem

1978 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian N. H. White
Keyword(s):  
Covalent Binding ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Microsomal Cytochrome ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Green Pigments ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

1. A number of acetylenic-substituted steroidal and non-steroidal compounds, including 2,2-dipropargylacetamide, pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol (Danazol) and acetylene gas, when administered to rats in vivo brought about a decrease in the concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and haem. Abnormal haem-breakdown products, ‘green pigments’, and porphyrins accumulated in the livers of these animals. 2. For loss of microsomal cytochrome P-450 to occur in vitro, metabolic activation of the acetylenic substituent was necessary. The enzyme system responsible required NADPH and air, and was induced by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone; these are characteristics typical of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases. 3. When rats were dosed with 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (ethynyltestosterone, 1mmol/kg) the pattern of green pigments extracted from the liver 4h after dosing and separated by t.l.c. was quite different from that in rats given 17β-hydroxy-17α-vinylandrost-4-en-3-one (vinyltestosterone), suggesting that reduction of the unsaturated triple bond to a double bond is not normally part of the metabolic activation pathway of the acetylenic substituent. 4. The green pigments extracted from the livers of rats 4h after the administration of the acetylenic-substituted compounds (1mmol/kg) when separated by silica-gel t.l.c. had variable RF values. The number and distribution of green pigments was characteristic for each compound examined. There was little correlation between the total loss of hepatic microsomal haem and the apparent intensity of the green pigments seen on the thin-layer chromatograms. 5. After incubation of [14C]acetylene in vitro with microsomal preparations from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and a NADPH-generating system, no significant covalent binding to microsomal protein was detected over a 30min incubation period, although under similar conditions there was a significant loss of cytochrome P-450.

Cytochrome P-450 and Peroxidase Oxidize Detoxication Products of Carcinogenic Aristolochic Acids (Aristolactams) to Reactive Metabolites Binding to DNA in vitro

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2189-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Stiborová ◽  
Eva Frei ◽  
Heinz H. Schmeiser ◽  
Manfred Wiessler
Keyword(s):  
Dna Adducts ◽  
Microsomal Cytochrome ◽  
Aristolochic Acids ◽  
Nuclease P1 ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Prostaglandin H ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

We report the analysis of DNA adducts formed from aristolactams I and II, which are the final metabolites derived from carcinogenic aristolochic acids in vivo, after their oxidation by microsomal cytochrome P-450 and horseradish peroxidase in vitro. DNA adducts were detected and quantified using the nuclease P1-enhanced variation of the 32P-postlabeling assay. Quantitative analysis revelead that the extent of modification of DNA by aristolactams activated by peroxidase was more than one order of magnitude higher than for activation by microsomal cytochrome P-450. Peroxidase catalyzes the formation of active oxygen in the presence of NADH, H2O2 and aristolactams. Aristolactams are also oxidized by mammalian peroxidase prostaglandin H synthase. The possible role of aristolactams in carcinogenesis induced by aristolochic acid is discussed.

scholarly journals Decreased liver cytochrome P-450 in rats caused by norethindrone or ethynyloestradiol

1977 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
I N H White ◽  
U Muller-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Marked Effect ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Liver Cytochrome ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidases ◽  
Green Pigments ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

1. 19-Nor-17alpha-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol (ethynyloestradiol) or 17beta-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (norethindrone) but not 17alpha-ethyl-17beta-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one (norethandrolone) caused a time-dependent loss of cytochrome P-450 when incubated in vitro with rat liver microsomal fractions and NADPH-generating systems. 2. The enzyme system catalysing the norethindrone-mediated loss of cytochrome P-450 had many characteristics of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases. It required NADPH and air, and was inhibited by Co. However, it was unaffected by 1 mM-compound SKF 525A. 3. In microsomal fractions from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats the norethindrone-mediated loss of cytochrome P-450 was increased relative to controls. The norethindrone-mediated cytochrome P-450 loss was less pronounced when the animals were pretreated with 3beta-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-2-one 16alpha-carbonitrile (pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile). Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene rendered the animals resistant to the norethindrone effect. 4. Administration in vivo [100mg/kg, intraperitoneally] of norethindrone or ethinyl oestradiol also produced a time-dependent loss of liver cytochrome P-450. Norethandrolone had a similar, though much less-marked, effect. All three steroids lead to an induction of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase and an accumulation of porphyrins in the liver. 5. The loss of cytochrome P-450 and the accumulation of porphyrins in the liver 2 h after the administration of norethindrone to female rats was similar to that seen in males. 6. Rats pretreated with phenobarbitone and given norethindrone or ethynyloestradiol (100mg/kg, intraperitoneally) formed green pigments in their livers. These had characteristics similar to the green pigments produced in the livers of rats after the administration of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide. No green pigments could be extracted from the livers of control rats or those given norethandrolone, oestradiol or progesterone.

scholarly journals Biochemical effects of the porphyrinogenic drug allylisopropylacetamide. A comparative study with phenobarbital

1973 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manchanahalli R. Satyanarayana Rao ◽  
Govindarajan Padmanaban
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Increase Liver Weight ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

Successive administrations of allylisopropylacetamide, a potent porphyrinogenic drug, increase liver weight, microsomal protein and phospholipid contents. There is an increase in the rate of microsomal protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. The drug decreases microsomal ribonuclease activity and increases NADPH–cytochrome c reductase activity. Phenobarbital, which has been reported to exhibit all these changes mentioned, is a weaker inducer of δ-aminolaevulinate synthetase and increases the rate of haem synthesis only after a considerable time-lag in fed female rats, when compared with the effects observed with allylisopropylacetamide. Again, phenobarbital does not share the property of allylisopropylacetamide in causing an initial decrease in cytochrome P-450 content. Haematin does not counteract most of the biochemical effects caused by allylisopropylacetamide, although it is quite effective in the case of phenobarbital. Haematin does not inhibit the uptake of [2-14C]allylisopropylacetamide by any of the liver subcellular fractions.

scholarly journals Destruction of liver haem by norethindrone. Conversion into green pigments

1981 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian N. H. White
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Green Pigment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Metabolic Transformation ◽  
Green Pigments

1. Factors affecting the norethindrone-mediated conversion of hepatic haem into green pigments have been studied in the rat. Concentrations of haem and green pigments were estimated spectrophotometrically after esterification and separation by silica gel high-pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.). 2. Accumulation of green pigments in the liver was dependent on the dose of steroid and the time after dosing, maximum values being reached after 4–8h. Phenobarbitone pretreatment of rats resulted in an 8-fold increase in the concentration of green pigments at these times. 3. In microsomal systems in vitro, the formation of green pigments in the presence of NADPH and norethindrone was also dependent on the concentration of steroid and incubation times. Reaction rates very rapidly became non-linear with time, consistent with the self-catalysed destruction of the form(s) of cytochrome P-450 responsible for the metabolic activation of norethindrone. Microsomal mixtures incubated for a short period of time (1min) with norethindrone gave only one green-pigment peak after h.p.l.c. Longer incubation times gave four or five additional green pigments. Results suggested that multiple green pigments may arise by metabolic transformation of a single precursor. 4. When liver haem was prelabelled with 14C by using 5-amino[4-14C]laevulinic acid, subsequent dosing with norethindrone in vivo gave rise to three major 14C-labelled-green-pigment peaks on h.p.l.c. None of these components had the same retention times as the green pigments produced by microsomal fractions in vitro. 5. When liver haem was prelabelled with 59Fe by using 59FeCl3, norethindrone administration resulted in the detection of 59Fe-labelled green pigments if subsequent esterification was carried out under neutral conditions with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate, but not when carried out under acidic conditions with methanol/H2SO4. These results suggested that green pigments normally contain chelated iron and that metal-free green pigments are not produced by the liver.

The covalent binding of cyclosporin a to rat liver macromolecules in vivo and in vitro: The role of cytochrome P-450

Toxicology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fred Nagelkerke ◽  
Roeline B. Tijidens ◽  
Erik P. Schwarz ◽  
Marjolein F.G. Winters ◽  
Leendert C. Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Covalent Binding ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

scholarly journals Metabolic activation of acetylenes. Covalent binding of [1,2-14C]octyne to protein, DNA and haem in vitro and the protective effects of certain thiol compounds

1984 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
I N H White ◽  
J B Campbell ◽  
P B Farmer ◽  
E Bailey ◽  
N H Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Covalent Binding ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Thiol Compounds ◽  
Microsomal Hydroxylation ◽  
Cytochrome P 450

[1,2-14C]Oct-l-yne was used to investigate metabolic activation of the ethynyl substituent in vitro. Activation of octyne by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes gave intermediate(s) that bound covalently to protein, DNA and to haem. The time course and extent of covalent binding of octyne to haem and to protein were similar. However, two different activating mechanisms are probably involved. Whereas covalent binding to protein or to DNA was inhibited by nucleophiles such as N-acetylcysteine, that to haem was little affected. When N-acetylcysteine was included in the reaction mixtures, two major octyne-N-acetylcysteine adducts were isolated and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. G.l.c.-mass spectrometry and n.m.r. suggest that these are the cis-trans isomers of S-3-oxo-oct-1-enyl-N-acetylcysteine. Oct-1-yn-3-one reacted non-enzymically with N-acetylcysteine at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C with a t1/2 of about 6 s also to yield S-3-oxo-oct-l-enyl-N-acetylcysteine. The same product was formed when microsomal fractions were incubated with oct-1-yn-3-ol, N-acetylcysteine and NAD(P)+. Octyn-3-one did not appear to react with haem or protoporphyrin IX. 5. A mechanism for the metabolic activation of oct-1-yne is proposed, consisting in (a) microsomal hydroxylation of the carbon atom alpha to the acetylenic bond and (b) oxidation to yield octyn-3-one as the reactive species.

scholarly journals Mfn2 Overexpression Attenuates MPTP Neurotoxicity In Vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 601
Author(s):  
Fanpeng Zhao ◽  
Quillan Austria ◽  
Wenzhang Wang ◽  
Xiongwei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Mitochondrial Fragmentation ◽  
Wild Type Littermate ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Mptp Administration

Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a critical event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increasing evidence demonstrates that disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and quality control play an important role in mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Our previous study demonstrated that MPP+ induces mitochondrial fragmentation in vitro. In this study, we aimed to assess whether blocking MPTP-induced mitochondrial fragmentation by overexpressing Mfn2 affords neuroprotection in vivo. We found that the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) induced by MPTP treatment, as seen in wild-type littermate control mice, was almost completely blocked in mice overexpressing Mfn2 (hMfn2 mice). The dramatic reduction in dopamine neuronal fibers and dopamine levels in the striatum caused by MPTP administration was also partially inhibited in hMfn2 mice. MPTP-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the SN and striatum were significantly alleviated in hMfn2 mice. The impairment of motor function caused by MPTP was also blocked in hMfn2 mice. Overall, our work demonstrates that restoration of mitochondrial dynamics by Mfn2 overexpression protects against neuronal toxicity in an MPTP-based PD mouse model, which supports the modulation of mitochondrial dynamics as a potential therapeutic target for PD treatment.

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