Sex-specific cardiovascular susceptibility to ischaemic myocardial injury following exposure to prenatal hypoxia

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (23) ◽  
pp. 2791-2794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Zeman ◽  
Monika Okuliarova
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Rat Offspring ◽  
Global Cardiac Function ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and hypertension contributes substantially to the incidence of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and peripheral vascular disease. The origin of hypertension is clearly multifactorial, and a complex and multifaceted approach is necessary to decrease its incidence. The most recognizable factors involved in reducing the incidence of hypertension are prevention, early diagnosis and treatment; however, the importance of the foetal environment and early postnatal development has recently been considered. In clinical practice, these factors are still frequently overlooked, probably because of a lack of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms and effective treatment or prevention. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the prenatal programming of CVDs were investigated in the study by Shah et al. published recently in Clinical Science (2017) 131(17), 2303–2317. The study explored cardiac susceptibility of adult male and female rat offspring to ischaemic myocardial injury due to prenatal exposure to hypoxia. The results demonstrated significant changes in global cardiac function and left ventricular dilatation following myocardial infarction in rat offspring prenatally exposed to hypoxia. The effects were gender specific and occurred only in males, whereas females were protected. These findings are important from several perspectives. First, they point to the fact that an inadequate foetal environment can increase susceptibility to death from myocardial infarction. Second, during their reproductive life, females are better protected from cardiovascular insult than males, but it is not known if they lose this advantage after menopause, and can be equally at risk as males.

Cardiovascular susceptibility to in vivo ischemic myocardial injury in male and female rat offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (17) ◽  
pp. 2303-2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Shah ◽  
Nobutoshi Matsumura ◽  
Anita Quon ◽  
Jude S. Morton ◽  
Jason R.B. Dyck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Prenatal Hypoxia ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Rat Offspring

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) following prenatal hypoxia exposure leads to a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life. Our aim was to evaluate cardiac susceptibility and its pathophysiological mechanisms following acute myocardial infarction (MI) in adult rat offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia. Male and female rat offspring, which experienced normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (11% O2) in utero underwent sham or MI surgery at 12 weeks of age. Echocardiographic data revealed that both sexes had systolic dysfunction following MI surgery, independent of prenatal hypoxia. Male offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia, however, had left ventricular dilatation, global dysfunction, and signs of diastolic dysfunction following MI surgery as evident by increased left ventricular internal diameter (LVID) during diastole (MI effect, P<0.01), Tei index (MI effect, P<0.001), and E/E′ ratio (prenatal hypoxia or MI effect, P<0.01). In contrast, diastolic dysfunction in female offspring was not as evident. Cardiac superoxide levels increased only in prenatal hypoxia exposed male offspring. Cardiac sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase2a (SERCA2a) levels, a marker of cardiac injury and dysfunction, decreased in both male and female MI groups independent of prenatal hypoxia. Prenatal hypoxia increased cardiac ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) protein levels, while MI reduced RYR2 in only male offspring. In conclusion, male offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia had an increased susceptibility to ischemic myocardial injury involving cardiac phenotypes similar to heart failure involving diastolic dysfunction in adult life compared with both offspring from healthy pregnancies and their female counterparts.

scholarly journals Focal ST-segment elevation without coronary occlusion: myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis associated with COVID-19—a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Meizinger ◽  
Bruce Klugherz
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background While it is understood that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily complicated by respiratory failure, more data are emerging on the cardiovascular complications of this disease. A subset of COVID-19 patients present with ST-elevations on electrocardiogram (ECG) yet normal coronary angiography, a presentation that can fit criteria for myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis (MINOCA). There is little known about non-coronary myocardial injury observed in patients with COVID-19, and we present a case that should encourage further conversation and study of this clinical challenge. Case summary An 86-year-old man presented to our institution with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and an ECG showing anteroseptal ST-segment elevation concerning for myocardial infarction. Mechanic ventilation was initiated prior to presentation, and emergent transthoracic echocardiography reported an ejection fraction of 50–55%, with no significant regional wall motion abnormalities. Next, emergent coronary angiography was performed, and no significant coronary artery disease was detected. The patient tested positive for COVID-19. Despite supportive management in the intensive care unit, the patient passed away. Discussion We present a case of COVID-19 that is likely associated with MINOCA. It is crucial to understand that in COVID-19 patients with signs of myocardial infarction, not all myocardial injury is due to obstructive coronary artery disease. In the case of COVID-19 pathophysiology, it is important to consider the cardiovascular effects of hypoxic respiratory failure, potential myocarditis, and significant systemic inflammation. Continued surveillance and research on the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 is essential to further elucidate management and prognosis.

Chronic ischaemic heart disease

2018 ◽  
pp. 179-201
Author(s):  
Bernhard L Gerber ◽  
Mouaz H Al-Mallah ◽  
Joao AC Lima ◽  
Mohammad R Ostovaneh
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽  
Myocardial Ischaemia ◽  
Dobutamine Stress ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Contractile Reserve ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Artery Disease

Chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the most common cardiac conditions worldwide and is generally caused by the consequences of coronary atherosclerosis, including myocardial infarction. Clinical challenges in chronic IHD include detection of myocardial ischaemia in symptomatic patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), evaluation of myocardial viability in patients with established IHD and poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when revascularization is considered, as well as risk stratification and identification of patients with chronic IHD at high risk of complications. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can provide vital answers to all three of these challenges. Stress CMR is now increasingly used to detect ischaemia by means of vasodilator stress perfusion or dobutamine stress contractile reserve stress imaging. For viability assessment, late gadolinium enhancement is currently the method of choice to detect myocardial infarction, and low-dose dobutamine stress magnetic resonance can provide additional information to determine viability and guide therapy. Cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic IHD is mainly determined by left ventricular function, most commonly utilizing LVEF, as well as infarct size, infarct characteristics, and ischaemic burden, which can all be measured reliably with CMR. This chapter will review the role of CMR for the detection of myocardial ischaemia, viability, and risk.

scholarly journals Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Predictors of Left Ventricular Dysfunction

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954681771610
Author(s):  
Andrew Hinojos ◽  
Thomas E Vanhecke ◽  
Susan Enright ◽  
Nathan Elg ◽  
Kristina Gifft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Lv Dysfunction ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Control Study

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and Takotsubo (TK) cardiomyopathy present with similar initial clinical features and can result in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and acute heart failure. Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control study that identified patients aged 18 years and older who presented with ACS and underwent cardiac catheterization. Results: There were a total of 321 patients in the TK group and 1031 patients in the NSTEMI group. There was significantly worse LV dysfunction in the TK group with average ejection fraction (EF) of 44.35% (±15.11%) versus NSTEMI with an average EF of 47.36% (±13.5%) ( P < .001). The presence of TK yielded of an odds ratio (OR) of 2.373 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.165-3.618) and presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) yielded an OR of 2.053 (95% CI: 1.165-3.618). Conclusions: The presence of TK cardiomyopathy and PAD were independent predictors of patients who had LVEF of <35% and elevated B-type natriuretic peptide levels.

scholarly journals P774 Utility of global longitudinal strain to predict post-operative outcomes in non-cardiac surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Park ◽  
L S Tan ◽  
P Huang ◽  
P J Tan ◽  
J H J See
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Global Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Operative Outcomes ◽  
Lv Dysfunction

Abstract Background Pre-operative echocardiography is performed in selected groups of patients for cardiac risk stratification prior to surgery. Many parameters, including Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), are assessed during echocardiography. While many studies have cited association between low LVEF and poor operative outcomes such as perioperative myocardial infarction or cardiogenic pulmonary edema, LVEF has limitations such as left ventricular (LV) cavity border tracing, geometric assumptions and inter-observer variability. LVEF may also appear normal in the presence of LV hypertrophy and a small LV cavity size. Studies have described the routine use of global longitudinal strain (GLS) as an alternative measure of ventricular function, with GLS having been reported to be a reliable marker in detecting subclinical LV dysfunction. This adds incremental value in predicting myocardial function and in risk stratification. In fact, some studies have documented GLS being a useful preoperative parameter in predicting postoperative LV dysfunction after cardiac valve surgery. Purpose The aim of this study is to determine the value of GLS in predicting post-operative outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. Methods This was a retrospective study of all patients who had echocardiography performed for a pre-operative indication from February 2017 to October 2017. These patients were screened for those who had normal LVEF, had undergone subsequent non-cardiac surgery, and had post-operative troponins measured. Medical records were traced for baseline demographics, past medical history and echocardiographic features. GLS evaluation was prospectively performed using TOMTEC-ARENA (TOMTEC Imaging Systems GmbH) by assessors blinded to patient outcomes. Outcomes for major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality up to 1 year post surgery were collected. Post-op myocardial injury was defined as a peak Troponin T value of &gt;30 ng/L or a &gt;20% increment from baseline. Results A total of 42 patients were included. 61.9% (n = 26) were male and mean age was 72.3 years. Only 75.6% of patients were fully independent with activities of daily living and mean creatinine was 153.4μmol/L. Mortality at 1 year was 16.7% (n = 7) and 28.6% (n = 12) were deemed to have post-operative myocardial injury. 1-year mortality was associated with a lower GLS (-23.8% vs -19.2%, p = 0.001). However, GLS was not correlated with post-operative myocardial injury or hospital readmissions. In our study population, only a history of past myocardial infarction predicted post-op myocardial injury (58.3% vs 16.7%, p = 0.019). Conclusion Our study did not demonstrate the utility of GLS in predicting post-operative events, but this is likely because of the small sample size with low event rates. Nevertheless, GLS values did correlate with 1-year mortality and could be a marker of frailty and an increased mortality risk.

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