Content Coverage of Single-Word Tests Used to Assess Common Phonological Error Patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Kirk ◽  
Laura Vigeland
Keyword(s):  
Final Position ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Criterion Level ◽  
Content Coverage ◽  
Cluster Reduction

Purpose This review evaluated whether 9 single-word tests of phonological error patterns provide adequate content coverage to accurately identify error patterns that are active in a child's speech. Method Tests in the current study were considered to display sufficient opportunities to assess common phonological error patterns if they provided at least 4 opportunities for each of 11 error patterns. The target phonemes for these error patterns had to occur as singletons (except for final consonant deletion and cluster reduction) and in stressed syllables (except for weak syllable deletion). Error patterns for which positional asymmetries have been documented (velar fronting, stopping of fricatives and affricates, and cluster reduction) required 4 opportunities in both word-initial and word-final position to meet the study's criterion. Results None of the tests provided 4 opportunities for every error pattern, the criterion level used in this study. Error patterns that tended to be underrepresented across tests included weak syllable deletion, reduction of word-final clusters, fronting of velars, gliding of liquids, and deaffrication. Conclusion This review will allow clinicians to gain a deeper understanding of the methods used to assess phonological error patterns in single-word tests.

Perceptual Characteristics of Vowel and Prosody Production in Apraxic, Aphasic, and Dysarthric Speakers

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Odell ◽  
Malcolm R. McNeil ◽  
John C. Rosenbek ◽  
Linda Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Initial Position ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics

Narrow phonetic transcriptions and prosodic judgments were made of single-word imitations by apraxic (AOS), conduction aphasic (CA), and ataxic dysarthric (AD) speakers. AOS and AD subjects showed similar vowel error patterns, particularly predominant errors in low, tense, and back vowels, more distortions than other types of vowel errors, and predominant errors in initial position of words and in monosyllabic words. The CA subjects displayed a different vowel error pattern, notably more substitutions than distortions, more errors in polysyllabic than monosyllabic words, and more errors in noninitial than initial positions of words. Analysis of prosodic features identifiable at the single-word level (e.g., syllabic stress, juncture, and struggles to initiate or complete productions) indicated that syllabic stress errors and more difficulty initiating than completing word production were characteristic of AOS and AD but not CA subjects.

An Optimality Analysis and Treatment of Phonological Disorders in the Speech of Jordanian Children: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maha S. Yaseen ◽  
Radwan S. Mahadin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Speech Errors ◽  
Treatment Goals ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Cluster Reduction

This paper presents a case study of a Jordanian child with phonological speech disorders. It seeks to investigate functional phonological disorders and their treatment among Jordanian children within an Optimality Theoretic (OT) perspective. It aims to provide treatment for children’s speech errors within a constraint-based system. The analysis of the data identifies seven error patterns in the child’s productions, namely: fronting, lateralization, stopping, devoicing, de-emphasization, syllable deletion and cluster reduction. Furthermore, OT is employed at the end of the study as a guideline to select the priority of treatment goals by demoting responsible markedness constraints below faithfulness constraints. 

Dysarthria of Adult Cerebral Palsy

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Platt ◽  
Gavin Andrews ◽  
Pauline M. Howie
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Speech Task ◽  
Position Errors ◽  
Confusion Matrices

The articulation errors of 32 spastic and 18 athetoid males, aged 17–55 years, were analyzed using a confusion matrix paradigm. The subjects had a diagnosis of congenital cerebral palsy, and adequate intelligence, hearing, and ability to perform the speech task. Phonetic transcriptions were made of single-word utterances which contained 49 selected phonemes: 22 word-initial consonants, 18 word-final consonants and nine vowels. Errors of substitution, omission and distortion were categorized on confusion matrices such that patterns could be observed. It was found that within-manner errors (place or voicing errors or both) exceeded between-manner errors by a substantial amount, more so on final consonants. The predominant within-manner errors occurred on fricative phonemes for both initial and final positions. Affricate within-manner errors, all of devoicing, were also frequent in final position. The predominant between-manner initial position errors involved liquid-to-glide and affricate-to-stop changes, and for final position, affricate-to-fricative. Phoneme omission occurred three times more frequently on final than on initial consonants. The error data of individual subjects were found to correspond with the identified overall group patterns. Those with markedly reduced speech intelligibility demonstrated the same patterns of error as the overall group. The implications for treatment are discussed.

Lagi in Standard Malaysian Malay

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-111
Author(s):  
Siaw-Fong Chung
Keyword(s):  
Special Function ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Single Word ◽  
News Headlines

Abstract Lagi, a less studied Malay adverb, has meanings such as ‘in addition’, ‘again’, ‘more’, and ‘yet/still’. We aimed to see how these meanings could be related in a single word and to find the conceptualization and grammatical paths involved. We also intended to find out whether this word carries any underlying meanings not specified in dictionaries. In the corpus, although many examples have lagi in the sentence-final position, some unconventional sentence-initial uses were also found in news headlines. We found that lagi serves a special function in news headlines, emphasizing the repeatedness of events that were often negative or undesirable. The seemingly unrelated meanings of lagi can be categorized based on three meaning concepts – addition/more meaning, less-more continuum, and temporal lagi (‘yet/still’, ‘again’). In addition to these concepts, we also found several possible grammaticalization paths that contribute to the different uses of lagi.

Testing the Hyperarticulation and Prosodic Hypotheses of Child-Directed Speech: Insights From the Perceptual and Acoustic Characteristics of Child-Directed Cantonese Tones

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1907-1925
Author(s):  
Puisan Wong ◽  
Kelly Wing Sum Ng
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Perceptual Accuracy ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Lowering Effect ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Pitch Level

Purpose The function of child-directed speech has been debated for decades. This study examined the perceptual and acoustic characteristics of child- and adult-directed Cantonese tones to test the hyperarticulation and prosodic hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the acoustic modifications in child-directed speech. Method Sixty-two mother–child dyads participated in the study. The mothers verbally labeled 30 pictures in monosyllabic isolated words and in the final position of a carrier sentence to the experimenter and their 1- to 5-year-old children. The 8,634 adult- and child-directed productions were low-pass filtered to eliminate lexical information and presented to 5 judges for tone identification. Acoustic analysis was performed on the productions. Results Acoustically, child-directed tones were produced with an elevated pitch, and the pitch level decreased as the child's age increased. Acoustic contrasts between phonetically similar and more confusing tones were not enhanced in child-directed speech, and unexpectedly, child-directed tones were identified with a lower accuracy than adult-directed tones. The perceptual errors of child-directed tones mirrored the errors found in identifying tones excised from sentence-final position, which had a pitch-lowering effect on the tones. The lower perceptual accuracy, the lack of enhanced acoustic contrasts in confusing tone pairs, and the similarities in the error patterns in identifying tones in child-directed speech and tones in utterance-final position suggest that the acoustic modifications in child-directed tones are prosodic effects serving pragmatic purposes. Conclusion The findings reject the hyperarticulation hypothesis and support the prosodic hypothesis of child-directed speech.

The Effect of Sampling Condition on Children’s Productions of Consonant Clusters

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharynne McLeod ◽  
Linda Hand ◽  
Joan B. Rosenthal ◽  
Brett Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sound ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Sampling Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sampling Condition ◽  
Cluster Reduction

An investigation was conducted to compare the effects of single word and connected speech sampling conditions on the production of consonant clusters. Speech samples were obtained from 40 children with speech sound impairments who were aged 3 years: 6 months to 5 years. The children’s productions of 36 commonly occurring consonant clusters were compared across the two sampling conditions. Overall, children’s productions were more similar than different. Differences between the sampling conditions were apparent for three of the eight phonological processes studied, namely, cluster reduction, final consonant deletion, and epenthesis. Of 12 fine phonetic variations, only aspirated stops showed a significant difference between the sampling conditions. There was a wide range of individual variation.

scholarly journals On the interaction of deaffrication and consonant harmony

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL A. DINNSEN ◽  
JUDITH A. GIERUT ◽  
MICHELE L. MORRISETTE ◽  
CHRISTOPHER R. GREEN ◽  
ASHLEY W. FARRIS-TRIMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Consonant Harmony ◽  
Interaction Types

ABSTRACTError patterns in children's phonological development are often described as simplifying processes that can interact with one another with different consequences. Some interactions limit the applicability of an error pattern, and others extend it to more words. Theories predict that error patterns interact to their full potential. While specific interactions have been documented for certain pairs of processes, no developmental study has shown that the range of typologically predicted interactions occurs for those processes. To determine whether this anomaly is an accidental gap or a systematic peculiarity of particular error patterns, two commonly occurring processes were considered, namely Deaffrication and Consonant Harmony. Results are reported from a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of twelve children (age 3 ; 0–5 ; 0) with functional phonological delays. Three interaction types were attested to varying degrees. The longitudinal results further instantiated the typology and revealed a characteristic trajectory of change. Implications of these findings are explored.

An Optimality Analysis and Treatment of Phonological Disorders in the Speech of Jordanian Children: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Maha S. Yaseen ◽  
Radwan S. Mahadin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Speech Errors ◽  
Treatment Goals ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Cluster Reduction

This paper presents a case study of a Jordanian child with phonological speech disorders. It seeks to investigate functional phonological disorders and their treatment among Jordanian children within an Optimality Theoretic (OT) perspective. It aims to provide treatment for children’s speech errors within a constraint-based system. The analysis of the data identifies seven error patterns in the child’s productions, namely: fronting, lateralization, stopping, devoicing, de-emphasization, syllable deletion and cluster reduction. Furthermore, OT is employed at the end of the study as a guideline to select the priority of treatment goals by demoting responsible markedness constraints below faithfulness constraints. 

scholarly journals Letter Form as a Constraint for Errors in Neglect Dyslexia and Letter Position Dyslexia

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama Friedmann ◽  
Aviah Gvion
Keyword(s):  
Word Identification ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Identity Information ◽  
Letter Form ◽  
Neglect Dyslexia ◽  
Final Letter

Does letter-form constrain errors in peripheral dyslexia? In Hebrew, 5 of the 22 letters have two different letter forms, one is used only when the letter occurs in word-final position, the other form is used in initial and middle positions. Is the information on final-forms encoded in the letter identity information and used for word identification, or is it discarded? The current research explored this question through the effect of final vs. non final letter form on the error pattern in neglect dyslexia (neglexia) and letter position dyslexia (LPD). Left word-based neglexia results in errors of omission, substitution and addition of letters in the left side of words, which in Hebrew is the end of the word. We examined whether final letter form blocks the addition of letters to the end of the word and whether omissions of letters after letters in non-final form are avoided. The predominant error type in LPD is migration of letters within words. We tested whether migrations also occur when they cause form change of either final-form letters that move to middle position or middle-form letters that move to final position. These questions were assessed in both acquired and developmental neglexia and LPD. The results indicated a strong effect of final letter-form on acquired neglexia and on acquired and developmental LPD, which almost completely prevented form-changing errors. This effect was not found in developmental neglexia, where words that end in final-form letters were actually more impaired than other words, probably because final-form letters appear only on the neglected side of the word for Hebrew-reading children with left developmental neglexia. These data show that early visuo-orthographic analysis is sensitive to final letter form and that final letter form constrains errors in peripheral dyslexia.

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