scholarly journals Development of Phase Locking and Frequency Representation in the Infant Frequency-Following Response

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2740-2751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katlyn B. Van Dyke ◽  
Rachel Lieberman ◽  
Alessandro Presacco ◽  
Samira Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
First Year ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Following Response ◽  
Frequency Representation ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Year Of Life

Purpose This study investigates the development of phase locking and frequency representation in infants using the frequency-following response to consonant–vowel syllables. Method The frequency-following response was recorded in 56 infants and 15 young adults to 2 speech syllables (/ba/ and /ga/), which were presented in randomized order to the right ear. Signal-to-noise ratio and F sp analyses were used to verify that individual responses were present above the noise floor. Thirty-six and 39 infants met these criteria for the /ba/ or /ga/ syllables, respectively, and 31 infants met the criteria for both syllables. Data were analyzed to obtain measures of phase-locking strength and spectral magnitudes. Results Phase-locking strength to the fine structure in the consonant–vowel transition was higher in young adults than in infants, but phase locking was equivalent at the fundamental frequency between infants and adults. However, frequency representation of the fundamental frequency was higher in older infants than in either the younger infants or adults. Conclusion Although spectral amplitudes changed during the first year of life, no changes were found with respect to phase locking to the stimulus envelope. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining these measures of phase locking and fundamental pitch strength in infants as young as 2 months of age.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Infancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 233121652110043
Author(s):  
Vijayalakshmi Easwar ◽  
Susan Scollie ◽  
Michael Lasarev ◽  
Matthew Urichuk ◽  
Steven J Aiken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Stimulus Level ◽  
Phase Coherence ◽  
First Year ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
First Year Of Life

Envelope following responses (EFRs) may be a useful tool for evaluating the audibility of speech sounds in infants. The present study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of speech-evoked EFRs in infants with normal hearing, relative to adults, and identify age-dependent changes in EFR characteristics during infancy. In 42 infants and 21 young adults, EFRs were elicited by the first (F1) and the second and higher formants (F2+) of the vowels /u/, /a/, and /i/, dominant in low and mid frequencies, respectively, and by amplitude-modulated fricatives /s/ and /∫/, dominant in high frequencies. In a subset of 20 infants, the in-ear stimulus level was adjusted to match that of an average adult ear (65 dB sound pressure level [SPL]). We found that (a) adult–infant differences in EFR amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, and intertrial phase coherence were larger and spread across the frequency range when in-ear stimulus level was adjusted in infants, (b) adult–infant differences in EFR characteristics were the largest for low-frequency stimuli, (c) infants demonstrated adult-like phase coherence when they received a higher (i.e., unadjusted) stimulus level, and (d) EFR phase coherence and signal-to-noise ratio changed with age in the first year of life for a few F2+ vowel stimuli in a level-specific manner. Together, our findings reveal that development-related changes in EFRs during infancy likely vary by stimulus frequency, with low-frequency stimuli demonstrating the largest adult–infant differences. Consistent with previous research, our findings emphasize the significant role of stimulus level calibration methods while investigating developmental trends in EFRs.

Effects of Fundamental Frequency Contours on Sentence Recognition in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 3855-3864
Author(s):  
Wanting Huang ◽  
Lena L. N. Wong ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Haihong Liu ◽  
Wei Liang
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
F0 Contour ◽  
Appropriate Sentences

Purpose Fundamental frequency (F0) is the primary acoustic cue for lexical tone perception in tonal languages but is processed in a limited way in cochlear implant (CI) systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of F0 contours in sentence recognition in Mandarin-speaking children with CIs and find out whether it is similar to/different from that in age-matched normal-hearing (NH) peers. Method Age-appropriate sentences, with F0 contours manipulated to be either natural or flattened, were randomly presented to preschool children with CIs and their age-matched peers with NH under three test conditions: in quiet, in white noise, and with competing sentences at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Results The neutralization of F0 contours resulted in a significant reduction in sentence recognition. While this was seen only in noise conditions among NH children, it was observed throughout all test conditions among children with CIs. Moreover, the F0 contour-induced accuracy reduction ratios (i.e., the reduction in sentence recognition resulting from the neutralization of F0 contours compared to the normal F0 condition) were significantly greater in children with CIs than in NH children in all test conditions. Conclusions F0 contours play a major role in sentence recognition in both quiet and noise among pediatric implantees, and the contribution of the F0 contour is even more salient than that in age-matched NH children. These results also suggest that there may be differences between children with CIs and NH children in how F0 contours are processed.

AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THICKNESS OF CORTEX AND ITS LAYERS IN THE PARAMEDIAN LOBULE OF THE CEREBELLUM IN CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Татьяна Александровна Цехмистренко ◽  
Аслан Батразович Мазлоев ◽  
Дмитрий Константинович Обухов
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Computer Morphometry ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Granular Layers ◽  
Age Related Changes

Цель - изучение возрастных изменений толщины коры и ее слоев в парамедианной дольке мозжечка у детей. Материал и методы. Работа выполнена на постмортальном материале (62 мозжечка), полученном от детей в возрасте от рождения до 12 лет, умерших в результате травм без повреждений головного мозга. С помощью компьютерной морфометрии на окрашенных методом Ниссля фронтальных гистологических срезах коры, взятой билатерально в области парамедианной (тонкой) дольки (HVIIB) на вершине листков мозжечка, измеряли толщину коры, а также толщину ее молекулярного и зернистого слоев. Анализ количественных данных проводили в годовых интервалах. Результаты. В парамедианной дольке мозжечка увеличение толщины коры происходит в четыре этапа: в правом полушарии - от рождения к 1, 3, 5 и 9 годам, в левом полушарии - к 1, 5, 7 и 9 годам. Левосторонняя асимметрия толщины коры мозжечка отмечается у детей 1 и 2 лет, толщины молекулярного слоя - у детей 3 лет жизни. Правосторонняя асимметрия характерна для толщины зернистого слоя у детей 3 лет и поперечника коры, в целом, у детей 6 лет. Толщина коры и слоев в области парамедианной дольки мозжечка по среднегрупповым показателям достигает уровня взрослых людей к 9 годам. Выводы. Толщина коры мозжечка и ее слоев в области дольки H VII B увеличивается гетерохронно и гетеродинамически в правом и левом полушариях мозжечка у детей на первом году жизни, а также в периоды раннего, первого и второго детства. Уменьшения поперечника коры и слоев в парамедианной дольке мозжечка у детей от рождения до 12 лет не обнаружено. Objective - to study the age-related changes in the thickness of the cortex and its layers in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum in children. Material and methods. The work was performed on postmortem material (62 cerebellums) obtained from children aged from birth to 12 years who died from injuries but without brain damage. The thickness of the cortex, as well as the thickness of its molecular and granular layers, were measured using computer morphometry on the Nissl-stained frontal histological sections of the cortex taken bilaterally in the region of the paramedian (gracile) lobule (HVIIB) at the top of the folia of cerebellum. Analysis of quantitative data was performed at annual intervals. Results. In the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum, the increase in the thickness of the cortex occured in four stages: in the right hemisphere - from birth to 1, 3, 5 and 9 years, in the left hemisphere - to 1, 5, 7 and 9 years. Left-sided asymmetry of the cortical thickness of the cerebellum was observed in 1 and 2-year old children, the thickness of the molecular layer - in 3-year old children. Right-sided asymmetry was characteristic for the thickness of the granular layer in 3-year old children and a cross-section of the cortex in 6-year old children. The thickness of the cortex and layers in the area of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum on the average group indicators reached the level of adults by 9 years. Conclusions. The thickness of the cerebellar cortex and its layers in the area of the lobule HVIIB increased heterochronically and heterogeneously in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum in children of the first year of life, and in the periods of early, first and second childhood. No reduction in the diameter of the cortex and layers in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum of children from birth to 12 years was found.

scholarly journals Signal-to-noise ratio in the membrane potential of the owl's auditory coincidence detectors

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 2837-2845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Ashida ◽  
Kazuo Funabiki ◽  
Paula T. Kuokkanen ◽  
Richard Kempter ◽  
Catherine E. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Band Limited

Owls use interaural time differences (ITDs) to locate a sound source. They compute ITD in a specialized neural circuit that consists of axonal delay lines from the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and coincidence detectors in the nucleus laminaris (NL). Recent physiological recordings have shown that tonal stimuli induce oscillatory membrane potentials in NL neurons (Funabiki K, Ashida G, Konishi M. J Neurosci 31: 15245–15256, 2011). The amplitude of these oscillations varies with ITD and is strongly correlated to the firing rate. The oscillation, termed the sound analog potential, has the same frequency as the stimulus tone and is presumed to originate from phase-locked synaptic inputs from NM fibers. To investigate how these oscillatory membrane potentials are generated, we applied recently developed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis techniques (Kuokkanen PT, Wagner H, Ashida G, Carr CE, Kempter R. J Neurophysiol 104: 2274–2290, 2010) to the intracellular waveforms obtained in vivo. Our theoretical prediction of the band-limited SNRs agreed with experimental data for mid- to high-frequency (>2 kHz) NL neurons. For low-frequency (≤2 kHz) NL neurons, however, measured SNRs were lower than theoretical predictions. These results suggest that the number of independent NM fibers converging onto each NL neuron and/or the population-averaged degree of phase-locking of the NM fibers could be significantly smaller in the low-frequency NL region than estimated for higher best-frequency NL.

scholarly journals Stridor in infant caused by subglottic hemangiome: case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Lot ◽  
Caroline Rosa ◽  
Camila Freitas ◽  
Gracinda Adnet ◽  
Luisa Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Agonist ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vascular Neoplasms ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Diagnostic Hypothesis ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Age Range

Subglottic hemagioma is a rare cause of stridor, but it is one of the most common vascular neoplasms of the airways in childhood. If the treatment is not promptly instituted, it becomes a life-threatening condition. The diagnosis should be suspected when infants outside the age range for acute laryngitis present with stridor associated with severe respiratory effort, without viral prodromes, with a condition that is not responsive to initial therapeutic measures considering the main diagnostic hypothesis. Infantile hemangiomas begin to proliferate during the first year of life (between the 1st and 2nd month of life). Involution usually occurs between 6 months and 12 months of life (most involution until 4 years). The case is a 5-month-old female infant, with sudden stridor associated with respiratory distress without viral prodromes or fever, with little response to inhaled short-acting beta-agonist, inhaled adrenaline, as well as corticosteroids inhalation/parenteral. Bronchoscopy showed a bulging of the submucosa to the right of the subglottis with slight vascularization, suggestive of subglottic hemangioma. Treatment with propranolol was initiated orally with the aim of regressing the hemangioma and after clinical stability, the infant was discharged with outpatient follow-up.

scholarly journals A novel stimulus paradigm for simultaneous recording of monaural and binaural frequency following response for identification of binaural interaction component

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srividya Grama Bhagavan ◽  
Mohan Kumar Kalaiah
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Frequency Following Response ◽  
Binaural Interaction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Interaction Component

AbstractThe objective of the study was to investigate whether monaural frequency following response (FFR) of right and left ear and binaural FFR could be obtained in the same recording using a novel stimulus presentation paradigm, for the purpose of identification the BIC. Twenty six young adults participated in the study. The FFR was recorded for 220 Hz pure-tone using a novel stimulus paradigm. The pure-tone was presented sequentially to two ears. Initially, the pure-tone was presented to the right ear, then to both ears, and finally to the left ear. The FFR could be elicited from all participants (all three responses: right ear, left ear, and both ears) in the same recording using the novel stimulus presentation paradigm used in the present study. The novel stimulus presentation paradigm used in the present study could be used for obtaining monaural and binaural FFRs in the same recording for identification of BIC.

Enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio of ultracold polar NaCs molecular spectra by phase locking detection

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 123701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhao Wang ◽  
Wenliang Liu ◽  
Jizhou Wu ◽  
Yuqing Li ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Molecular Spectra ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio

Varying Signal-to-Noise Ratios in Adolescent Voice Therapy

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Saniga ◽  
Margaret F. Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Speaking Voice ◽  
Adolescent Voice

In our society competing noise has become part of most everyday activities. Vocal abusers need to learn to compensate for this auditory distractor. The present paper describes a voice therapy program for adolescent vocal abusers that utilizes a varying signal-to-noise ratio. Once this compensation is learned, vocal abusers can maintain an appropriate fundamental frequency and vocal intensity in their speaking voice.

Malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor: a case report

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Stüber ◽  
Eric Frieauff ◽  
Joachim Diessner ◽  
Arnd Hönig ◽  
Monika Rehn
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Rhabdoid Tumor ◽  
First Year ◽  
Therapeutic Trial ◽  
Male Fetus ◽  
Preterm Baby ◽  
Histopathologic Analysis ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor

AbstractThe fetal extrarenal rhabdoid tumor is a highly aggressive and rare neoplasm that mostly occurs in the first year of life. In this case, a remarkably enlarged right upper arm was diagnosed in a male fetus at 31+2 weeks of gestation. Because of a fast progressive tumor volume and signs of fetal distress, a cesarean section was performed at 34 weeks of gestation. The preterm baby showed a blue livid tumor reaching from the right elbow up to the shoulder that resulted in an extrarenal rhabdoid tumor on histopathologic analysis. A therapeutic trial with cyclophosphamide was not effective and the child died at the age of 26 days because of multi-organ failure.

scholarly journals Mortality in a cohort of 3.1 million children, adolescents and young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel G Ray ◽  
Astrid Guttmann ◽  
Jose Silveira ◽  
Alison L Park
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
First Year ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
First Year Of Life

BackgroundMany youth deaths occur in the first year of life, from prematurity and anomalies. Detailing mortality after age 1 year may differentially guide preventive strategies in children, adolescents and young adults.MethodsA cohort study in Ontario, Canada comprised 3 139 698 children born from 1990 to 2016. Adjusted HR (aHR) for death between 1 and 24 years were generated, comparing demographic variables and parity.ResultsAfter a median of 13.7 years of follow-up, 6930 deaths occurred between ages 1 and 24 years (incidence rate 17.0 per 100 000 person-years), peaking at age 23 years (43.7 per 100 000). The aHR for death was higher among males than females (1.44, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.51), rural versus urban areas (1.48, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.58), lowest versus highest income areas (1.39, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.51) and at parity 1 (1.16, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.23), parity 2 (1.34, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.45), parity 3+ (1.96, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.21), each relative to a child without an older sibling. Among males, the proportion of deaths due to injury jumped from 30% before age 15 years to 65% thereafter, and in females, from 28% to 51%. Intentional self-harm/assault explained 11% of injury-related deaths among males before age 15 years, and 20% thereafter, with respective figures of 18% and 17% for females. Deaths outside of hospital increased with age, from 35% at age 1 year, to 66% at age 22 years.ConclusionThere is a heightened susceptibility of dying starting at age 15 years, especially among males, from injury, and arising outside of hospital.

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