Motor Strategy in Rapid Sequential Swallowing

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1481-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Chi-Fishman ◽  
Barbara C. Sonies
Keyword(s):  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Motor Strategy ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Movement Strategies ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Upright Head ◽  
Transition Times ◽  
Pharyngeal Transit

This study examined the physiological properties and movement strategies of normal, rapid sequential swallowing during simultaneous videofluoroscopy (VFS) and submental surface electromyography (EMG). Ten subjects performed discrete (5 and 15 cc) and sequential (150 cc in tilted and upright head postures) swallowing tasks. Analyses included VFS event timing, movement/bolus passage characteristics, EMG amplitude waveforms, and peak and offset EMG amplitudes. Results revealed that sequential swallows were significantly shorter than discrete swallows in several VFS event durations, but significantly longer in pharyngeal transit and stage transition times. The hyolaryngeal system exhibited a cyclical "rise and partial fall" movement pattern during sequential swallows on VFS, corresponding to a repetitive "activation and partial deactivation" characteristic on EMG. Greater peak EMG amplitude for sequential than discrete swallows was found in 6/10 subjects. Pharyngeal bolus merging, preparatory laryngeal gestures, and penetration without aspiration were also observed in some subjects on VFS. Intersubject differences were significant in timing measures and EMG amplitude. Our findings of individual variability and subject-specific strategies for task accommodation support the notion of built-in plasticity in the deglutitive motor complex.

scholarly journals A state-space model to derive motorboat noise effects on fish movement from acoustic tracking data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarida Barcelo-Serra ◽  
Sebastià Cabanellas ◽  
Miquel Palmer ◽  
Marta Bolgan ◽  
Josep Alós
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Fish Movement ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Noise Data ◽  
Close Range

AbstractMotorboat noise is recognized as a major source of marine pollution, however little is known about its ecological consequences on coastal systems. We developed a State Space Model (SSM) that incorporates an explicit dependency on motorboat noise to derive its effects on the movement of resident fish that transition between two behavioural states (swimming vs. hidden). To explore the performance of our model, we carried out an experiment where free-living Serranus scriba were tracked with acoustic tags, while motorboat noise was simultaneously recorded. We fitted the generated tracking and noise data into our SSM and explored if the noise generated by motorboats passing at close range affected the movement pattern and the probability of transition between the two states using a Bayesian approach. Our results suggest high among individual variability in movement patterns and transition between states, as well as in fish response to the presence of passing motorboats. These findings suggest that the effects of motorboat noise on fish movement are complex and require the precise monitoring of large numbers of individuals. Our SSM provides a methodology to address such complexity and can be used for future investigations to study the effects of noise pollution on marine fish.

Spatiotemporal Stability of Lip Movements in Older Adult Speakers

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy B. Wohlert ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Tactile Acuity ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Speech Kinematics ◽  
Global Parameters

Although the intelligibility of healthy older adults normally seems unimpaired, age-related changes occur in sensorimotor components of the speech system and in such global parameters as speech rate. In order to clarify the effect of these changes on the variability of speech movements, we examined oral peripheral abilities, speech rate, and speech kinematics in a group of 10 adults age 76–83, compared to a group of 10 young adults. Participants repeated a short phrase 15 times at habitual, fast, and slow rates. The resulting lip displacement signals were time- and amplitude-normalized, and successive standard deviations along the movement waveforms were summed to produce a spatiotemporal index (STI) representing individual variability in movement pattern. Participants tended to show greatest variability at slow rate, less variability at fast rate, and least variability at habitual rate. For the older adults, STI at habitual rate was significantly higher (more variable) and speech durations were longer than those of young adults. Perioral strength and tactile acuity were poorer in these older adults than in young adults. We conclude that as sensorimotor abilities change in old age, speakers are less consistent in the spatiotemporal organization of speech movements, reflecting decreased stability of speech motor control.

Progression of Parkinson's disease as evaluated by Hoehn and Yahr stage transition times

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Jiao Zhao ◽  
Hwee Lin Wee ◽  
Yiong-Huak Chan ◽  
Soo Hoon Seah ◽  
Wing Lok Au ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Yahr Stage ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Transition Times

Time Dependence of Muon Spin Relaxation Rate in Aluminum and Al-1.6%Mg2Si Alloy

2020 ◽  
Vol 985 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Nishimura ◽  
Kenji Matsuda ◽  
Seung Won Lee ◽  
Isao Watanabe ◽  
Majed Abdel Jawad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Spin Relaxation ◽  
Muon Spin ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Muon Spin Relaxation ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Transition Times ◽  
D Values ◽  
Two Stages

Zero-field muon spin relaxation experiments were carried out for Al-1.6%Mg2Si and a pure aluminum in isothermal conditions between 260 and 300 K. Observed relaxation spectra were analyzed to extract the dipole width (D) values which were found to decrease with time after solution heat treatment and quenching. Time variations of D appeared to take place two stages in both samples. The stage transition times (tII) deduced for Al-1.6%Mg2Si were comparable to those for the Si-rich clustering stage reported for Al-Mg-Si alloys. The estimated activation energy of Si-rich clustering was 0.62 (±0.04) eV. The stage transition times (tM) for the pure aluminum were 255, 110 and 82 min after quenching at the measuring temperatures of 260, 280 and 300 K, respectively. An Arrhenius plot of logarithmic tM against reciprocal temperature resulted in an activation energy of 0.19 (±0.06) eV.

Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

EURRECA’s Approach for Estimating Micronutrient Requirements

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Matthys ◽  
Pieter van ‘t Veer ◽  
Lisette de Groot ◽  
Lee Hooper ◽  
Adriënne E.J.M. Cavelaars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Factorial Approach ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Health Policy Decision ◽  
Quantitative Integration

In Europe, micronutrient dietary reference values have been established by (inter)national committees of experts and are used by public health policy decision-makers to monitor and assess the adequacy of diets within population groups. The approaches used to derive dietary reference values (including average requirements) vary considerably across countries, and so far no evidence-based reason has been identified for this variation. Nutrient requirements are traditionally based on the minimum amount of a nutrient needed by an individual to avoid deficiency, and is defined by the body’s physiological needs. Alternatively the requirement can be defined as the intake at which health is optimal, including the prevention of chronic diet-related diseases. Both approaches are confronted with many challenges (e. g., bioavailability, inter and intra-individual variability). EURRECA has derived a transparent approach for the quantitative integration of evidence on Intake-Status-Health associations and/or Factorial approach (including bioavailability) estimates. To facilitate the derivation of dietary reference values, EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) is developing a process flow chart to guide nutrient requirement-setting bodies through the process of setting dietary reference values, which aims to facilitate the scientific alignment of deriving these values.

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