The Importance of Oral Pressure

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
John E Riski
Keyword(s):  
Oral Pressure

Special Considerations for Evaluation and Treatment of Spanish-Speaking Patients with Cleft Palate

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Ellen Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Speaking Population

As the Spanish-speaking population in the United States continues to grow, there is increasing need for culturally competent and linguistically appropriate treatment across the field of speech-language pathology. This paper reviews information relevant to the evaluation and treatment of Spanish-speaking and Spanish-English bilingual children with a history of cleft palate. The phonetics and phonology of Spanish are reviewed and contrasted with English, with a focus on oral pressure consonants. Cultural factors and bilingualism are discussed briefly. Finally, practical strategies for evaluation and treatment are presented. Information is presented for monolingual and bilingual speech-language pathologists, both in the community and on cleft palate teams.

Interpolating Subglottal Pressure from Oral Pressure

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rothenberg
Keyword(s):  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Subglottal Pressure

scholarly journals Air Pressure Responses to Sudden Vocal Tract Pressure Bleeds During Production of Stop Consonants

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Zajac ◽  
Mark C. Weissler
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
The Face ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Respiratory Reflexes

Two studies were conducted to evaluate short-latency vocal tract air pressure responses to sudden pressure bleeds during production of voiceless bilabial stop consonants. It was hypothesized that the occurrence of respiratory reflexes would be indicated by distinct patterns of responses as a function of bleed magnitude. In Study 1, 19 adults produced syllable trains of /pʌ/ using a mouthpiece coupled to a computer-controlled perturbator. The device randomly created bleed apertures that ranged from 0 to 40 mm 2 during production of the 2nd or 4th syllable of an utterance. Although peak oral air pressure dropped in a linear manner across bleed apertures, it averaged 2 to 3 cm H 2 O at the largest bleed. While slope of oral pressure also decreased in a linear trend, duration of the oral pressure pulse remained relatively constant. The patterns suggest that respiratory reflexes, if present, have little effect on oral air pressure levels. In Study 2, both oral and subglottal air pressure responses were monitored in 2 adults while bleed apertures of 20 and 40 mm 2 were randomly created. For 1 participant, peak oral air pressure dropped across bleed apertures, as in Study 1. Subglottal air pressure and slope, however, remained relatively stable. These patterns provide some support for the occurrence of respiratory reflexes to regulate subglottal air pressure. Overall, the studies indicate that the inherent physiologic processes of the respiratory system, which may involve reflexes, and passive aeromechanical resistance of the upper airway are capable of developing oral air pressure in the face of substantial pressure bleeds. Implications for understanding speech production and the characteristics of individuals with velopharyngeal dysfunction are discussed. KEY WORDS: stop consonants, oral air pressure, subglottal air pressure, respiratory reflexes, velopharyngeal dysfunction

scholarly journals Hydrodynamic modelling of aquatic suction performance and intra-oral pressures: limitations for comparative studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Van Wassenbergh ◽  
Peter Aerts ◽  
Anthony Herrel
Keyword(s):  
Hydrodynamic Force ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Pharyngeal Cavity ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Direct Indication ◽  
Suction Performance

The magnitude of sub-ambient pressure inside the bucco-pharyngeal cavity of aquatic animals is generally considered a valuable metric of suction feeding performance. However, these pressures do not provide a direct indication of the effect of the suction act on the movement of the prey item. Especially when comparing suction performance of animals with differences in the shape of the expanding bucco-pharyngeal cavity, the link between speed of expansion, water velocity, force exerted on the prey and intra-oral pressure remains obscure. By using mathematical models of the heads of catfishes, a morphologically diverse group of aquatic suction feeders, these relationships were tested. The kinematics of these models were fine-tuned to transport a given prey towards the mouth in the same way. Next, the calculated pressures inside these models were compared. The results show that no simple relationship exists between the amount of generated sub-ambient pressure and the force exerted on the prey during suction feeding, unless animals of the same species are compared. Therefore, for evaluating suction performance in aquatic animals in future studies, the focus should be on the flow velocities in front of the mouth, for which a direct relationship exists with the hydrodynamic force exerted on prey.

scholarly journals A Clinical Method for Estimating Laryngeal Airway Resistance during Vowel Production

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith R. Smitheran ◽  
Thomas J. Hixon
Keyword(s):  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Vowel Production ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Laryngeal Airway

A noninvasive clinical method for estimating laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production is described. Resistance is calculated from the ratio of translaryngeal pressure to translaryngeal flow, the first determined from measurement of oral pressure and the second determine from measurement of airway-opening flow made during the production of a specially designed utterance. Application of the method to the study of vowels resulted in a calculated mean laryngeal airway resistance of 35.7 cm H 2 O/LPS for 15 normal adult males. This resistance value is remarkably similar to mean values obtained in previous research using complex invasive experimental methods. Clinical use of the method is illustrated in case studies that highlight both evaluation and management potentials. It is concluded that the method proposed is clinically practical, that the data it provides are both valid and reliable, and that the method shows great promise of becoming a routine clinical tool for estimating laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production.

scholarly journals Fishes can use axial muscles as anchors or motors for powerful suction feeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (18) ◽  
pp. jeb225649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel L. Camp ◽  
Aaron M. Olsen ◽  
L. Patricia Hernandez ◽  
Elizabeth L. Brainerd
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Suction Feeding ◽  
Axial Muscles ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Epaxial Muscles

ABSTRACTSome fishes rely on large regions of the dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body muscles to power suction feeding. Epaxial and hypaxial muscles are known to act as motors, powering rapid mouth expansion by shortening to elevate the neurocranium and retract the pectoral girdle, respectively. However, some species, like catfishes, use little cranial elevation. Are these fishes instead using the epaxial muscles to forcefully anchor the head, and if so, are they limited to lower-power strikes? We used X-ray imaging to measure epaxial and hypaxial length dynamics (fluoromicrometry) and associated skeletal motions (XROMM) during 24 suction feeding strikes from three channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We also estimated the power required for suction feeding from oral pressure and dynamic endocast volume measurements. Cranial elevation relative to the body was small (<5 deg) and the epaxial muscles did not shorten during peak expansion power. In contrast, the hypaxial muscles consistently shortened by 4–8% to rotate the pectoral girdle 6–11 deg relative to the body. Despite only the hypaxial muscles generating power, catfish strikes were similar in power to those of other species, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), that use epaxial and hypaxial muscles to power mouth expansion. These results show that the epaxial muscles are not used as motors in catfish, but suggest they position and stabilize the cranium while the hypaxial muscles power mouth expansion ventrally. Thus, axial muscles can serve fundamentally different mechanical roles in generating and controlling cranial motion during suction feeding in fishes.

Nipple Deformation and Peripheral Pressure on the Areola During Breastfeeding

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Alatalo ◽  
Lin Jiang ◽  
Donna Geddes ◽  
Fatemeh Hassanipour
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Strain Ratio ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Areola Complex ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Maxilla And Mandible ◽  
3D Scans

Abstract Breastfeeding is a complex process where the infant utilizes two forms of pressure during suckling, vacuum and compression. Infant applied compression, or positive oral pressure, to the breast has not been previously studied in vivo. The goal of this study is to use a methodology to capture the positive oral pressure values exerted by infants' maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) on the breast areola during breastfeeding. In this study, the positive and negative (vacuum) pressure values are obtained simultaneously on six lactating mothers. Parallel to the pressure data measurements, ultrasound images are captured and processed to reveal the nipple deformations and the displacements of infants' tongues and jaw movements during breastfeeding. Motivated by the significant differences in composition between the tissue of the breast and the nipple–areola complex, the strain ratio values of the lactating nipples are obtained using these deformation measurements along with pre- and postfeed three-dimensional (3D) scans of the breast. The findings show an oscillatory positive pressure profile on the breast under both maxilla and mandible, which differs from clinical indications that only the mandible of an infant moves during breastfeeding. The strain ratio varies between mothers, which indicates volume changes in the nipple during feeding and suggests that previous assumptions regarding strain ratio for nonlactating breasts will not accurately apply to breast tissue during lactation.

Midlatency respiratory-related somatosensory activity and perception of oral pressure pulses in normal humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 2048-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Andrew Daubenspeck ◽  
Harold L. Manning ◽  
John C. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Magnitude Production ◽  
Global Field Power ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Pressure Pulses ◽  
Standard Pressure ◽  
The Right

A direct relationship exists within subjects between midlatency features (<100 ms poststimulus) of respiratory-related evoked potentials and the perceived magnitude of applied oral pressure pulse stimuli. We evaluated perception in 18 normal subjects using cross-modality matching of applied pressure pulses via grip force and estimated mechanoafferent activity in these subjects by computing the global field power (GFP) from respiratory-related evoked potentials recorded over the right side of the scalp. We compared across subjects 1) the predicted magnitude production for a standard pressure pulse and 2) the slope (β) and 3) the intercept (INT) of the Stevens power law to the summed GFP over 20–100 ms poststimulus. Both the magnitude production for a standard pressure pulse and the β showed an inverse relationship with the summed GFP over 20–100 ms poststimulus, although there was no relationship between INT and the summed GFP. This may partially reflect characteristics of the mechanosensors and surely includes aspects of cognitive judgment, because we found and corrected for a high correlation between, respectively, β (and INT) for pressure pulses and β (and INT) for estimation of line lengths, a nonrespiratory modality. The relatively shallow, even inverse GFP-to-perception relationship suggests that, despite marked differences in the magnitude of afferent traffic, normal subjects seem to perceive things similarly.

scholarly journals The perception of voice-initiating gestures

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Josep Solé
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Reaction Time Analysis ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Oral Pressure ◽  
Sound Patterns

AbstractThis study examines how variation in production is perceived and then (re)interpreted by listeners, thus providing the link between phonetic variation and sound change. We investigate whether listeners can detect the nasal leak that may accompany utterance-initial voiced stops in Spanish, and reinterpret it as a nasal segment. Such reinterpretation may account for a number of sound patterns involving emergent nasals adjacent to voiced stops in oral contexts. Oral pressure, nasal/oral airflow, and audio were recorded for utterance-initial /b d p t/ produced by 10 Spanish speakers. Tokens showing different degrees of nasal leak (nasal C, maximum, medium, and no nasal leak) were placed intervocalically, where both /C/ and /NC/ may occur. The stimuli were presented to Spanish listeners for identification as /VNCV/ or /V(C)CV/. Identification results indicate a higher number of VNCV responses with incremental changes in nasal leak in voiced but not voiceless stimuli. Reaction time analysis showed shorter latencies to nasal identification for larger velum leak stimuli. The results suggest that listeners can `hear' the nasal leak and fail to relate it to voicing initiation, interpreting a nasal segment. Thus a gesture aimed at facilitating voicing initiation may be interpreted as a new target goal.

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