Mechanisms for a Novel Immune Evasion Strategy in the Scabies Mite Sarcoptes Scabiei: A Multigene Family of Inactivated Serine Proteases

Background: Scabies is a skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. Scabies is transmitted through direct contact with animals affected by scabies or contact with the source of scabies mite in area of cat lives. Purpose: This study aims to determine the management of scabies at Q-One PetKlinik Surabaya. Method: Handling domestic cats affected by S.scabiei began with an interview with the owner and examinated with the physical condition of cats, and observed the body that was infected with S.scabiei. Scrabbing on scabs was conducted in the cat’s body which was located in the facial area, and followed by microscopic examination to observe the S.scabiei mite. Results: During April 2021, there were 13 domestic cats affected by scabies. Treatment for scabies was by administrated drugs containing 5% Permethrin. Cats were also given supportive therapy by grooming with antiectoparasite shampoo after two weeks from being given drugs. Conclusion: Handling cases of scabies in domestic cats at Q-One PetKlinik Surabaya is performed by cleaning the scab, applying an ointment containing 5% permethrin, and giving anti-histamine and anti-parasitic as well as providing supportive therapy in the form of grooming using shampoo containing anti-ectoparasites.

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Plasticity in early immune evasion strategies of a bacterial pathogen

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1718595115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (16) ◽

pp. E3788-E3797 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Quentin Bernard ◽

Alexis A. Smith ◽

Xiuli Yang ◽

Juraj Koci ◽

Shelby D. Foor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Evasion ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Serum Complement ◽

Term Survival ◽

Evasion Strategy ◽

Innate Immune Evasion ◽

Novel Therapeutic

Borrelia burgdorferiis one of the few extracellular pathogens capable of establishing persistent infection in mammals. The mechanisms that sustain long-term survival of this bacterium are largely unknown. Here we report a unique innate immune evasion strategy ofB. burgdorferi, orchestrated by a surface protein annotated as BBA57, through its modulation of multiple spirochete virulent determinants. BBA57 function is critical for early infection but largely redundant for later stages of spirochetal persistence, either in mammals or in ticks. The protein influences host IFN responses as well as suppresses multiple host microbicidal activities involving serum complement, neutrophils, and antimicrobial peptides. We also discovered a remarkable plasticity in BBA57-mediated spirochete immune evasion strategy because its loss, although resulting in near clearance of pathogens at the inoculum site, triggers nonheritable adaptive changes that exclude detectable nucleotide alterations in the genome but incorporate transcriptional reprograming events. Understanding the malleability in spirochetal immune evasion mechanisms that ensures their host persistence is critical for the development of novel therapeutic and preventive approaches to combat long-term infections like Lyme borreliosis.

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Plasminogen Binding Proteins and Plasmin Generation on the Surface ofLeptospiraspp.: The Contribution to the Bacteria-Host Interactions

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2012/758513 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Monica L. Vieira ◽

Marina V. Atzingen ◽

Rosane Oliveira ◽

Renata S. Mendes ◽

Renan F. Domingos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Immune Evasion ◽

Host Tissue ◽

Research Groups ◽

Tissue Penetration ◽

Bacterial Surface ◽

Host Interactions ◽

Evasion Strategy ◽

Immune Attack ◽

Human Plasminogen

Leptospirosis is considered a neglected infectious disease of human and veterinary concern. Although extensive investigations on host-pathogen interactions have been pursued by several research groups, mechanisms of infection, invasion and persistence of pathogenicLeptospiraspp. remain to be elucidated. We have reported the ability of leptospires to bind human plasminogen (PLG) and to generate enzimatically active plasmin (PLA) on the bacteria surface. PLA-coatedLeptospiracan degrade immobilized ECM molecules, an activity with implications in host tissue penetration. Moreover, we have identified and characterized several proteins that may act as PLG-binding receptors, each of them competent to generate active plasmin. The PLA activity associated to the outer surface ofLeptospiracould hamper the host immune attack by conferring the bacteria some benefit during infection. The PLA-coated leptospires obstruct complement C3b and IgG depositions on the bacterial surface, most probably through degradation. The decrease of leptospiral opsonization might be an important aspect of the immune evasion strategy. We believe that the presence of PLA on the leptospiral surface may (i) facilitate host tissue penetration, (ii) help the bacteria to evade the immune system and, as a consequence, (iii) permitLeptospirato reach secondary sites of infection.

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