<p>The antibonding VHS of the high temperature superconductor Bi-2212 appears in the extreme overdoped regime, a part of the cuprate phase diagram little studied to date. Observation of this VHS motivated taking a fresh look at the cuprates using fundamentals of electronics as the foundation for understanding the physics involved in the superconductivity of these materials. In the study of the high temperature superconductors it appears important questions have been overlooked, notably the possible contribution of the gapped state and whether these materials are better considered as doped semiconductors rather than as 'poor' metals. We also find the question of the contribution of oxygen, a substance with a strong magnetic signature, to data of the oxygen-doped cuprates has been neglected. Comparison with non-oxygen doping is supportive of the view the oxygen dopant contributes noticeably to magnetic data. Through magnetic susceptibility measurements the antibonding VHS location, predicted by use of Fermi liquid theory, is well confirmed in polycrystals of the lead-doped cuprate Bi-2212. It was found that the peak in the DOS at the VHS produces no corresponding local peak in the critical temperature versus doping. Instead, the VHS appears associated with the disappearance of the superconductivity, rather than with the maximum critical temperature. We find the metal-insulator transition plays an important role. There are two of these in the cuprates, a horizontal doping dependent one and a vertical temperature dependent one. They affect each other. Noting the consequences of doping an insulator until a metallic state is reached enables a connection to be made between doping and pressure. Three requirements are identified for superconductivity to occur: 1. screening 2. pairing 3. charge mobility Each requirement may be separately satisfied in a manner whereby each can vary differently as a function of the same variable. The superconductivity of the cuprates is found to arise out of an underlying non-metallic state. As such, BCS theory, being formulated to explain superconductivity arising from metallic conduction, cannot be directly applicable. However, although HTS materials are a rich repository of both novel and familiar solid state physics, evidence does not appear to support the notion that superconductivity in the cuprates is caused by "exotic" physics. We also find cause for optimism regarding the development of new or improved superconducting materials.</p>
Shift of Shapiro Step in High Critical Temperature Superconductors
