Rho GTPases are overexpressed in a variety of human tumors contributing to both tumor proliferation and metastasis. Recently, several studies demonstrate an essential role of transcriptional regulation in Rho GTPases-induced oncogenesis. Herein, we demonstrate that RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 promote the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the transcriptional level by a mechanism that is dependent on the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), but not Stat3, a transcription factor required for RhoA-induced tumorigenesis. With respect to RhoA, this effect is dependent on ROCK, but not PKN. Treatment of RhoA-, Rac1-, and Cdc42-transformed epithelial cells with Sulindac and NS-398, two well-characterized nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), results in growth inhibition as determined by cell proliferation assays. Accordingly, tumor growth of RhoA-expressing epithelial cells in syngeneic mice is strongly inhibited by NS-398 treatment. The effect of NSAIDs over RhoA-induced tumor growth is not exclusively dependent on COX-2 because DNA-binding of NF-κB is also abolished upon NSAIDs treatment, resulting in complete loss of COX-2 expression. Finally, treatment of RhoA-transformed cells with Bay11-7083, a specific NF-κB inhibitor, leads to inhibition of cell proliferation. We suggest that treatment of human tumors that overexpress Rho GTPases with NSAIDs and drugs that target NF-κB could constitute a valid antitumoral strategy.
Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human bile duct epithelial cells and bile duct neoplasm
