Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Serum Carnitine and Endurance Performance of Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (07) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Tomoka Matsuda ◽  
Tamaki Furuhata ◽  
Hazuki Ogata ◽  
Kayoko Kamemoto ◽  
Mizuki Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Free Carnitine ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Total Carnitine ◽  
Midluteal Phase

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of the menstrual cycle on serum carnitine and the endurance performance of healthy women. Fifteen eumenorrheic women underwent cycle ergometer exercise at 60% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) for 45 min, followed by exercise at an intensity that was increased to 80% V̇ O 2max until exhaustion, during two menstrual cycle phases, including the early follicular phase (FP) and the midluteal phase (LP). The blood levels of estradiol, progesterone, total carnitine, free carnitine, and acylcarnitine were assessed. Compared with the FP, the LP had significantly lower serum total carnitine (p<0.05) and free carnitine (p<0.01). Moreover, the group with decreased endurance performance in the LP than in the FP showed a significantly higher change in serum free carnitine compared with the group that showed improved endurance performance in the LP than in the FP (p<0.05). The results of this study suggested that the changes in serum free carnitine during the menstrual cycle might influence endurance performance.

The Na+-K+-ATPase α2 gene and trainability of cardiorespiratory endurance: the HERITAGE Family Study

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 346-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomo Rankinen ◽  
Louis Pérusse ◽  
Ingrid Borecki ◽  
Yvon C. Chagnon ◽  
Jacques Gagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
N 93

The Na+-K+-ATPase plays an important role in the maintenance of electrolyte balance in the working muscle and thus may contribute to endurance performance. This study aimed to investigate the associations between genetic variants at the Na+-K+-ATPase α2 locus and the response (Δ) of maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) and maximal power output (W˙max) to 20 wk of endurance training in 472 sedentary Caucasian subjects from 99 families. V˙o 2 max andW˙max were measured during two maximal cycle ergometer exercise tests before and again after the training program, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the Na+-K+-ATPase α2 (exons 1 and 21–22 with Bgl II) gene were typed. Sibling-pair linkage analysis revealed marginal evidence for linkage between the α2 haplotype and ΔV˙o 2 max ( P= 0.054) and stronger linkages between the α2 exon 21–22 marker ( P = 0.005) and α2 haplotype ( P = 0.003) and ΔW˙max. In the whole cohort, ΔV˙o 2 max in the 3.3-kb homozygotes of the exon 1 marker ( n = 5) was 41% lower than in the 8.0/3.3-kb heterozygotes ( n = 87) and 48% lower than in the 8.0-kb homozygotes ( n = 380; P = 0.018, adjusted for age, gender, baselineV˙o 2 max, and body weight). Among offspring, 10.5/10.5-kb homozygotes ( n = 14) of the exon 21–22 marker showed a 571 ± 56 (SE) ml O2/min increase inV˙o 2 max, whereas the increases in the 10.5/4.3-kb ( n = 93) and 4.3/4.3-kb ( n= 187) genotypes were 442 ± 22 and 410 ± 15 ml O2/min, respectively ( P = 0.017). These data suggest that genetic variation at the Na+-K+-ATPase α2 locus influences the trainability ofV˙o 2 max in sedentary Caucasian subjects.

Persistence of supercompensated muscle glycogen in trained subjects after carbohydrate loading

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold W. Goforth ◽  
Jr., David A. Arnall ◽  
Brad L. Bennett ◽  
Patricia G. Law
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Carbohydrate Loading ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

Goforth, Jr., Harold W., David A. Arnall, Brad L. Bennett, and Patricia G. Law. Persistence of supercompensated muscle glycogen in trained subjects after carbohydrate loading. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 342–347, 1997.—Several carbohydrate (CHO)-loading protocols have been used to achieve muscle glycogen supercompensation and prolong endurance performance. This study assessed the persistence of muscle glycogen supercompensation over the 3 days after the supercompensation protocol. Trained male athletes completed a 6-day CHO-loading protocol that included cycle ergometer exercise and dietary manipulations. The 3-day depletion phase began with 115 min of cycling at 75% peak oxygen uptake followed by 3 × 60-s sprints and included the subjects consuming a low-CHO/high-protein/high-fat (10:41:49%) diet. Subjects cycled 40 min at the same intensity for the next 2 days. During the 3-day repletion phase, subjects rested and consumed a high-CHO/low-protein/low-fat (85:08:07%) diet, including a glucose-polymer beverage. A 3-day postloading phase followed, which involved a moderately high CHO diet (60%) and no exercise. Glycogen values for vastus lateralis biopsies at baseline and postloading days 1–3 were 408 ± 168 (SD), 729 ± 222, 648 ± 186, and 714 ± 196 mmol/kg dry wt, respectively. The CHO-loading protocol increased muscle glycogen by 1.79 times baseline, and muscle glycogen remained near this level during the 3-day postloading period. Results indicate that supercompensated muscle glycogen levels can be maintained for at least 3 days in a resting athlete when a moderate-CHO diet is consumed.

Influence of menstrual cycle on thermoregulatory, metabolic, and heart rate responses to exercise at night

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1911-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Hessemer ◽  
K. Bruck
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Exercise Heart Rate ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Resting Period

Ten women [mean maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), 2.81 l X min-1] exercised for 15 min on a cycle ergometer in the middle of the luteal phase (L) and in the early follicular phase (F) of the menstrual cycle at the same constant work rates (mean 122 W) and an ambient temperature of 18 degrees C. Serum progesterone averaged 44.7 nmol X l-1 in L and 0.7 nmol X l-1 in F. After a 4-h resting period, exercise was performed between 3 and 4 A.M., when the L-F core temperature difference is maximal. Preexercise esophageal (Tes), tympanic (Tty), and rectal (Tre) temperatures averaged 0.6 degrees C higher in L. During exercise Tes, Tty, and Tre averaged 0.5 degrees C higher. The thresholds for chest sweating and cutaneous vasodilation (heat clearance technique) at the thumb and forearm were elevated in L by an average of 0.47 degrees C, related to mean body temperature (Tb(es) = 0.87Tes + 0.13Tskin), Tes, Tty, or Tre. The above-threshold chest sweat rate and cutaneous heat clearances were also increased in L. The mean exercise heart rate was 170.0 beats X min-1 in L and 163.8 beats X min-1 in F. The mean exercise VO2 in L (2.21 l X min-1) was 5.2% higher than in F (2.10 l X min-1), the metabolic rate was increased in L by 5.6%, but the net efficiency was 5.3% lower. No significant L-F differences in the respiratory exchange ratio and postexercise plasma lactate were demonstrated.

Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use do not modify postexercise heat loss responses

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 1156-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Emily Leclair ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
W. Shane Journeay ◽  
Donald Kilby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Passive Heating ◽  
Exogenous Hormone ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Midluteal Phase

It is unknown whether menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive (OC) use influences nonthermal control of postexercise heat loss responses. We evaluated the effect of menstrual cycle and OC use on the activation of heat loss responses during a passive heating protocol performed pre- and postexercise. Women without OC ( n = 8) underwent pre- and postexercise passive heating during the early follicular phase (FP) and midluteal phase (LP). Women with OC ( n = 8) underwent testing during the active pill consumption (high exogenous hormone phase, HH) and placebo (low exogenous hormone phase, LH) weeks. After a 60-min habituation at 26°C, subjects donned a liquid conditioned suit. Mean skin temperature was clamped at ∼32.5°C for ∼15 min and then gradually increased, and the absolute esophageal temperature at which the onset of forearm vasodilation (Thvd) and upper back sweating (Thsw) were noted. Subjects then cycled for 30 min at 75% V̇o2 peak followed by a 15-min seated recovery. A second passive heating was then performed to establish postexercise values for Thvd and Thsw. Between 2 and 15 min postexercise, mean arterial pressure (MAP) remained significantly below baseline ( P < 0.05) by 10 ± 1 and 11 ± 1 mmHg for the FP/LH and LP/HH, respectively. MAP was not different between cycle phases. During LP/HH, Thvd was 0.16 ± 0.24°C greater than FP/LH preexercise ( P = 0.020) and 0.15 ± 0.23°C greater than FP/LH postexercise ( P = 0.017). During LP/HH, Thsw was 0.17 ± 0.23°C greater than FP/LH preexercise ( P = 0.016) and 0.18 ± 0.16°C greater than FP/LH postexercise ( P = 0.001). Postexercise thresholds were significantly greater ( P ≤ 0.001) than preexercise during both FP/LH (Thvd, 0.22 ± 0.03°C; Thsw, 0.13 ± 0.03°C) and LP/HH (Thvd, 0.21 ± 0.03°C; Thsw, 0.14 ± 0.03°C); however, the effect of exercise was similar between LP/HH and FP/LH. No effect of OC use was observed. We conclude that neither menstrual cycle nor OC use modifies the magnitude of the postexercise elevation in Thvd and Thsw.

Marginal Effects of a Large Caffeine Dose on Heat Balance During Exercise-Heat Stress

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett R. Ely ◽  
Matthew R. Ely ◽  
Samuel N. Cheuvront
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

The use of caffeine supplements in athletic and military populations has increased in recent years. Excessive caffeine consumption in conjunction with exercise in a hot environment may predispose individuals to heat illness.Purpose:To examine heat balance induced by a large dose of caffeine during exercise in a hot environment.Methods:Ten men, not heat acclimated and not habitual caffeine users, consumed either caffeine (CAF; 9 mg/kg) or placebo (PLA) before performing cycle-ergometer exercise for 30 min at 50% VO2peak in a 40 °C, 25% relative humidity environment while body temperature (core and skin) and ratings of thermal comfort (TC) were monitored. Heat-exchange variables were calculated using partitional calorimetry and thermometry.Results:Mean body temperature (Tb) was higher (p < .05) with CAF (37.18 ± 0.15 °C) than with PLA (36.93 ± 0.15 °C) at the start of exercise. Heat production was slightly higher (~8 W, p < .05) with CAF. There were no differences in heat storage, dry heat gains, TC, or Tb during exercise.Conclusions:A caffeine dose of 9 mg/kg does not appreciably alter heat balance during work in a hot environment. The small increase in Tb observed with CAF was undetected by the participants and is unlikely to increase physiological strain sufficiently to affect endurance performance or risk of heat illness.

Effect of luteal phase elevation in core temperature on forearm blood flow during exercise

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Kolka ◽  
Lou A. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Midluteal Phase

Kolka, Margaret A., and Lou A. Stephenson. Effect of luteal phase elevation in core temperature on forearm blood flow during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4): 1079–1083, 1997.—Forearm blood flow (FBF) as an index of skin blood flow in the forearm was measured in five healthy women by venous occlusion plethysmography during leg exercise at 80% peak aerobic power and ambient temperature of 35°C (relative humidity 22%; dew-point temperature 10°C). Resting esophageal temperature (Tes) was 0.3 ± 0.1°C higher in the midluteal than in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle ( P < 0.05). Resting FBF was not different between menstrual cycle phases. The Tes threshold for onset of skin vasodilation was higher (37.4 ± 0.2°C) in midluteal than in early follicular phase (37.0 ± 0.1°C; P < 0.05). The slope of the FBF to Tes relationship was not different between menstrual cycle phases (14.0 ± 4.2 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ °C−1for early follicular and 16.3 ± 3.2 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ °C−1for midluteal phase). Plateau FBF was higher during exercise in midluteal (14.6 ± 2.2 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ °C−1) compared with early follicular phase (10.9 ± 2.4 ml ⋅ 100 ml−1 ⋅ min−1 ⋅ °C−1; P < 0.05). The attenuation of the increase in FBF to Tes occurred when Tes was 0.6°C higher and at higher FBF in midluteal than in early follicular experiments ( P < 0.05). In summary, the FBF response is different during exercise in the two menstrual cycle phases studied. After the attenuation of the increase in FBF and while Tes was still increasing, the greater FBF in the midluteal phase may have been due to the effects of increased endogenous reproductive endocrines on the cutaneous vasculature.

Serum Free Carnitine Levels in Children with Kawasaki Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taichiro Muto ◽  
Nami Nakamura ◽  
Yu Masuda ◽  
Shingo Numoto ◽  
Shunsuke Kodama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Free Carnitine ◽  
Serum Free

scholarly journals A preliminary study exploring the change in ankle joint laxity and general joint laxity during the menstrual cycle in cis women

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Yamazaki ◽  
Sae Maruyama ◽  
Yuki Sato ◽  
Yukako Suzuki ◽  
Sohei Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Joint Laxity ◽  
Anterior Talofibular Ligament ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Anterior Drawer ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between ankle joint laxity and general joint laxity (GJL) in relation to the menstrual cycle, which was divided into four phases based on basal body temperature and ovulation, assessed using an ovulation kit. Methods Participants were 14 female college students (21–22 years) with normal menstrual cycles (cis gender). Anterior drawer stress to a magnitude of 120 N was applied for all participants. Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) length was measured as the linear distance (mm) between its points of attachment on the lateral malleolus and talus using ultrasonography. Data on ATFL length from each subject were used to calculate each subject’s normalized length change with anterior drawer stress (AD%). The University of Tokyo method was used for evaluation of GJL. AD% and GJL were measured once in each menstrual phase. Results There was no statistically significant difference between AD% in each phase. GJL score was significantly higher in the ovulation and luteal phases compared with the early follicular phase. AD% and GJL showed a positive correlation with each other in the ovulation phase. Conclusions Although it is unclear whether estrogen receptors are present in the ATFL, the present study suggests that women with high GJL scores might be more sensitive to the effects of estrogen, resulting in ATFL length change in the ovulation phase.

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