Behaviour of isolated Olfactory Stem Cells within Cerebrospinal Fluid: a Prerequisite for Cell Therapy after Spinal Cord Injury

The review analyzes the current advances of cell therapy for neurological complications of ischemic stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI). We demonstrate the most recent data on the use of different types of stem cells for the treatment of these severe damages, obtained both in experimental studies using animal models and in clinical studies. We particularly discuss the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) for the treatment of stroke and SCI. We also discuss the prospects for a further development of cell therapy of these diseases.

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Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/0963689721989266 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 096368972198926

Author(s):

Liyi Huang ◽

Chenying Fu ◽

Feng Xiong ◽

Chengqi He ◽

Quan Wei

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Stem Cell Therapy ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Cord Injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in direct and indirect damage to neural tissues, which results in motor and sensory dysfunction, dystonia, and pathological reflex that ultimately lead to paraplegia or tetraplegia. A loss of cells, axon regeneration failure, and time-sensitive pathophysiology make tissue repair difficult. Despite various medical developments, there are currently no effective regenerative treatments. Stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for SCI due to its multiple targets and reactivity benefits. The present review focuses on SCI stem cell therapy, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and extracellular vesicles. Each cell type targets certain features of SCI pathology and shows therapeutic effects via cell replacement, nutritional support, scaffolds, and immunomodulation mechanisms. However, many preclinical studies and a growing number of clinical trials found that single-cell treatments had only limited benefits for SCI. SCI damage is multifaceted, and there is a growing consensus that a combined treatment is needed.

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Regenerative potential of Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury (SCI)

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x16666210923113658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Franklin J Herbert ◽

Dhivya Bharathi ◽

Sevanthy Suresh ◽

Ernest David ◽

Sanjay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Cell Types ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Cord Injury

: Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that is critically challenging and progressive, needing immediate medical attention due to its complex pathophysiology and affecting the social status and economic burden. Stem cell therapy has been the emerging therapeutic trend to treat various diseases for decades. Mesenchymal stem cells pose more advantages over other stem cells in immune-modulation, immune evasiveness, self-renewal, multipotency, etc. Due to various issues in the recent past related to allogenic transplants, ethical concerns in obtaining tissues and adult cells, host immune response, GMP grade production and certification, cell-derived products or cell secretome have proven to be a promising approach and have been implicated in many studies and also in many clinical trials. Utilization of these human MSC-derived exosomes/extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury has also been demonstrated in many pre-clinical animal models. It is now proven to be therapeutically more efficient and safer than cell therapy. This review focuses on employing human MSC derived EVs for SCI and continues to elucidate the recent advances and emerging EVs trends from other cell types. We discuss biomaterial-based synergistic intervention, mention mimetics and nanovesicles and finally touch upon safety concerns in EV therapy.

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