Gender Dynamics in Rebel Groups

There are numerous historical critiques of elitist educational policies in Brazil, as well as studies of the racial and gender dynamics of education, and scholars have routinely lamented the historical lack of access to schooling among the Brazilian poor. But surprisingly few historians have taken on language and education as durable categories of inequality—created, recognized, legitimized, and acted upon over many generations, constitutive elements in Brazil’s constellation of social difference. This is especially remarkable given the rich and repeated emphasis on language, literacy, and education that characterized debates about Brazilian inequality in the century after independence.

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EGYPTIAN COMICS AND THE CHALLENGE TO PATRIARCHAL AUTHORITARIANISM

International Journal of Middle East Studies ◽

10.1017/s0020743816001161 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 111-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jacob Høigilt

Keyword(s):

Arab World ◽

Political Cartoons ◽

Gender Dynamics ◽

Art Forms ◽

Depth Study ◽

Arab Societies ◽

Cultural Movement

AbstractAdult comics are a new medium in the Arab world. This article is the first in-depth study of their emergence and role within Arab societies. Focused on Egypt, it shows how adult comics have boldly addressed political and social questions. Seeing them as part of a broader cultural efflorescence in Egypt, I argue that, against patriarchal authoritarianism, adult comics have expressed an alternative ideology of tolerance, civic rights and duties, individualism, creativity, and criticism of power. Specifically, they present a damning critique of Egypt's authoritarian order, as well as of the marginalization of women and broader gender dynamics in Egyptian society. Through frank humor, a playful style, and explicit graphics, they give voice to the concerns of young Egyptians. Connecting comics to other art forms such as music, graffiti, and political cartoons, I situate them within a critical cultural movement that came to the fore with the Egyptian uprising of 2011.

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Children in Armed Conflict: A Human Rights Crisis in Somalia

Global Jurist ◽

10.1515/gj-2020-0083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Salvador Santino Jr. Fulo Regilme ◽

Elisabetta Spoldi

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

International Law ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

Children's Rights ◽

Children’S Rights ◽

Armed Groups ◽

Public International Law ◽

Rebel Groups ◽

False Sense ◽

Alternative Sources

Abstract Despite the consolidated body of public international law on children’s rights and armed conflict, why do armed rebel groups and state forces deploy children in armed conflict, particularly in Somalia? First, due to the lack of alternative sources of income and livelihood beyond armed conflict, children join the army due to coercive recruitment by commanders of armed groups. Their participation in armed conflict generates a fleeting and false sense of material security and belongingness in a group. Second, many Somali children were born in an environment of existential violence and material insecurity that normalized and routinized violence, thereby motivating them to view enlistment in armed conflict as morally permissible and necessary for existential survival.

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Belgin San-Akca. States in Disguise: Causes of State Support for Rebel Groups (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). Pp. 320. $36.95 paper. ISBN 9780190250904.

Review of Middle East Studies ◽

10.1017/rms.2018.76 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 426-428

Author(s):

Tolga Sınmazdemir

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

State Support ◽

Oxford University ◽

Rebel Groups ◽

Oxford University Press

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Stick Then Carrot: When Do Governments Give Amnesty during Civil War?

International Studies Quarterly ◽

10.1093/isq/sqab008 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lesley-Ann Daniels

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Policy Choice ◽

Strategic Choices ◽

Rebel Groups ◽

The Government

Abstract Governments grant amnesties to rebel groups during civil wars and this is a puzzle. Why would the government offer an amnesty, which can be interpreted as a signal of weakness? In certain circumstances, offering amnesty is a rational policy choice. Governments should give amnesties when they are winning: the risk of misinterpreted signals is lessened, costs are low, rebel groups are weakened, and so amnesty can be used instrumentally to encourage defection or division among foot soldiers or as an incentive to leaders. Therefore, the government capitalizes on its military advantage and offers amnesty in a “stick then carrot” tactic. Using a database of amnesties during conflicts from 1990 to 2011, the article shows that governments are more likely to give amnesties following high rebel deaths. The use of amnesty during conflict is nuanced and context is important when understanding strategic choices.

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